Psychology Terms (Ch.5)
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| the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory | encoding
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| the process of maintaining information in memory over time | storage
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| the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored | retrieval
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| the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory | elaborative encoding
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| the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures | visual imagery encoding
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| the act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items | organizational encoding
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| the process of maintaing information in memory over time | memory storage
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| the place in which sensory memory is kept for a few seconds or less | sensory memory store
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| a fast-decaying store of visual information | iconic memory
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| a fast-decaying store of auditory information | echoic memory
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| a place where non-sensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute | short-term memory store
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| active maintenance of information in short term storage | working memory
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| the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it | rehearsal
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| combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory | chunking
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| a place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years (no known capacity limits) | long-term memory store
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| enhanced neural processing that results the strengthening of synaptic connections -can be induced rapidly -can last for a long time -located in hippocampus | long-term potentiation (LTP)
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| external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind | retrieval cue
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| the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded | encoding specificity principle
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| the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval | state-dependent retrieval
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| the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later | transfer-appropriate processing
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| the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences | explicit memory
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| the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them | implicit memory
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| an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus | priming
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| the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things | procedural memory
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| a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world | semantic memory
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| the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place | episodic memory
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| forgetting what occurs with the passage of time -occurs during the storage phase of memory -involves a gradual switch from specific to general memory | transience
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| situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier | retroactive interference
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| situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later | proactive interference
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| a lapse in attention that results in memory failure | absentmindedness
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| remembering to do things in the future | prospective memory
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| a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it | blocking
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| recall of when, where, and how information was acquired | source memory
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| assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source | memory misattribution
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| the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal reflections | suggestibility
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| distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences | bias
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| the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present | consistency bias
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| the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past | change bias
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| the tendency to exaggerate the change between past and present in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect | egocentric bias
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| the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget (often traumatic or disturbing) | persistence
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| detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events | flashbulb memories
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Created by:
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