Anatomy of upper extremities & back
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| Alar Ligament? | Attaches Dens of axis to occipital bone of skull
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| Transverse atlantal ligament? | Attaches at both superior articular facets of atlas. Connects atlas and axis together.
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| Orbicularis oris | Closes mouth
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| Orbicularis oculi | Closes eyes
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| Buccinator | Holds cheek to teeth during chewing
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| Masseter | Closes Jaw
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| Temporalis | Closes Jaw
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| Genioglossus | Protracts tongue
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| Hyoglossus | Retracts tongue
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| Styloglossus | Draws up sides of tongue
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| Superior Rectus | Rotation of eyeball
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| Inferior Rectus | Deppression, lateral rotation, extortion of eye
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| Lateral Rectus | Lateral rotation of eye
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| Medial rectus | Medial rotation of eye
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| Superior Oblique | Rotates eye
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| Inferior Oblique | Lateral rotation and elevation of eye
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| Atlanto-Axial Joint | Articulation between Atlas(C1) & Axis(C2). Allows Diarthrotic, uniaxial rotation of head
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| Intervertebral Joints | Articulation between adjacent vertebral bodies. Amphiarthrotic, minimal movement
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| Facets | Between articular processes. Allow diarthrotic and gliding movements
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| Sternocostal Joints | Articulation between the sternum and ribs 2-7. Allows diarthrotic and gliding movements
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| Costovertebral Joints | Articulation between ribs and vertebrae. Allows diarthrotic and gliding movements
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| Costotransverse Joints | Articulation between ribs and vertebrae. Allows gliding during breathing.
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| Sacroiliac Joint | Articulation between Sacrum and Ilium. Allows diarthrotic in children and amphiarthrotic in adults
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| Anterior Longitudinal Ligament | Attaches vertebrae. Runs from Sacrum to Occipital bone. Limits hyperextension of spine
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| Posterior Longitudinal Ligament | Attaches vertebrae. Runs from Axis(C2) to Sacrum. Limits hyperflexion of spine
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| Supraspinous Ligament | Attaches vertebrae on Spinous Processes. Runs from C7 to Sacrum. Limits flexion of spine
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| Interspinous Ligament | Attaches vertebrae between Spinous Processes. Provides a place for muscles to attach
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| Ligamentum Flavum (Ligamentum nuchae) | Attaches adjacent vertebrae lamina to lamina. Helps with posture, limits flexion
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| Intertransverse Ligament | Attaches at the transverse processes in spine. Helps to hold vertebrae together and in line
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| Sternocleidomastoid | Originates on the Clavicle and Sternum. Inserts at the mastoid process. Allows for neck rotation and flexion
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| Scalenes | Anterior, Middle, & Posterior. Originates on C3-C7. Inserts on 1st and 2nd ribs. Allows for lateral flexion of neck
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| Splenius | Originates from ligamentum nuchae. Inserts at mastoid process. Allows neck rotation and flexion
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| Upper Trapezius | Originates at external occipital protuberance. Inserts at spine of scapula. Allows for scapular elevation, neck extension, neck rotation and lateral flexion
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| Rectus Abdominus | Originates at pubic crest and symphysis. Inserts at cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process. Allows for flexion and rotation of lumbar region
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| External Oblique | Originates at inferior 8 ribs. Inserts at iliac crest and Linea alba. Allows for trunk flexion, rotation and compression
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| Internal Oblique | Originates at iliac crest and inguinal ligament. Inserts at cartilage of last 3-4 ribs, linea alba, and pubis. Allows for abdomen compression and trunk flexion, lateral trunk flexion and rotation
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| Transverse Abdominus | Originates at iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and cartilage of last 6 ribs. Inserts at xiphoid process and linea alba. Allows for abdomen compression
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| Iliocostalis | Originates at lower 6 ribs and sacrum. Inserts at upper 6 ribs and C4-C6. Allows for extension of spine and helps with posture.
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| Longissimus | Originates at vertebral transverse processes of lower 9 ribs. Inserts at mastoid process. Extends vertebral column.
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| Spinalis | Originates at L1-L2 and ligamentum nuchae. Inserts at upper thoracic vertebrae and axis. Extends vertebral column.
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| Quadratus Lumborum | Originates at posterior iliac crest. Insertst at medial half of 12th rib and lumbar transverse processes. Fixes 12th rib to stabilize diaphragm.
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| Multifidi | Originates at sacrum. Inserts at Transverse processes. Stabilizes joints in spine
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| Rotatores | Originates at superior/posterior transverse processes of spine. Inserts at Lamina of spine. They are for postural control.
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| Semispinalis | Originates at transverse processes of T1-T6. Inserts at sides of spinous processes C2-C5. Extend at rotate neck.
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| Interspinales | Originate at side of apex of spinous process of T12, T2, and T3. Insert at side of apex of spinous process of T11, T2, and T1. Monitor movements and position of spine.
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| Intertransversarii | Originate at superior border of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae. Insert at inferior border of transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae. Monitor movements and position spine.
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| External Intercostals | Originates at inferior border of superior rib. Inserts at Superior border of adjacent inferior rib. These stiffen chest and move ribs.
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| Internal Intercostals | Same as External
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| Diaphragm | Originates at inner surface of the xiphoid process and costal cartilage of ribs.
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| Sternoclavicular Joint | Articulation between sternum and clavicle. Allows multiaxial movements
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| Acromioclavicular Joint | Articulation between acromion process of scapula and clavicle. Allows diarthrotic, gliding and rotating of scapula on clavicle
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| Glenohumeral Joint | Articulates between scapula and Humerus. Most movements... Diarthrotic, multiaxial, flexion, extension...
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| Scapulothoracic Joint | Articulates between scapula and ribs. Allows elevation of scapula.
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| Coracoacromial Ligament | Attaches at coracoid process and acromion process. Stabilizes shoulder joint
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| Acromioclavicular Ligament | Attaches at acromion process and clavicle. Secures shoulder joint
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