Power of Logic
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| Logic | show 🗑
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| show | Is a set of statements where some of the statements, called the premises, are intended to suppor another, call the conclusion.
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| show | Is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.
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| Deductive Argument | show 🗑
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| show | Is on in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion proabable, without guaranteeing it.
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| show | Is the study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument guarantee its conclusion. (Validity and invalidity)
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| Inductive Logic | show 🗑
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| show | is one in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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| show | is one in which it is not necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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| show | is a valid argument in which all of the premises are true.
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| Unsound argument | show 🗑
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| Argument Form | show 🗑
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| show | 1. If A, then B. 2. A So, 3. B
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| show | Substitution instance of an argument form is an argument that results from uniformly replacing the variables in that form with statements (or terms).
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| show | is one in which every substitution instance is a valid argument.
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| Formally Valid Argument | show 🗑
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| show | 1.If A, Then B 2. Not B. So, 3. Not A.
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| Hypothetical Syllogism | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Either A or B, 1. Either A or B 2. Not A 2.Not B So, 3. B So, 3. A
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| Constructive Dilemma | show 🗑
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| Negation | show 🗑
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| Conditional Statement | show 🗑
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| show | Is the If-clause of a conditional.
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| show | Is the Then Clause of a conditional.
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| Disjunction | show 🗑
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| Disjuncts | show 🗑
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| show | Is one that has some invalid substitution instances.
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| show | 1. If A, Then B 2. Not A So 3. Not B
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| Counterexample | show 🗑
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| Good Counterexample | show 🗑
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| Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent | show 🗑
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| Categorical Statement | show 🗑
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| Term | show 🗑
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| show | Is one in which it is probable (but not necessary) that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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| show | Is one in which it is not probable that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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| show | is a strong argument in which all of the premises are true
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| Uncongent Argument | show 🗑
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| Unsupported assertions | show 🗑
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| show | Sets of statements intended to provide information about a situation, topic or event.
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| show | Statements together with explanatory or clarifying examples.
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| Explanatory statements. | show 🗑
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| Conditional Statements | show 🗑
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| show | Is an argument that is stated in such a way that its important logical features are explicit.
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| show | Identify the premises and the conclusion.
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| show | Eliminate excess verbiage.
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| show | Employ uniform language
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| show | Be fair and charitable in interpreting an argument.
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| show | Do not confuse subconclusions with (final) conclusions.
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| show | Make explicit obviously implicit premises in a charitable way.
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| Premise Indicators | show 🗑
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| show | So; Therefore; Hence; Implies that; It follows that; Thus; Accordingly; Consequently; We may infer that; Which proves that.
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| show | is a word or statement that adds nothing to the argument. Typical examples include discounts, repetition, assurances, and hedges.
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| show | Although; Even Though; in spite of the fact that; despite the fact that; while it may be true that; while I admit that; I realize that... But. I know that... but.
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| Assurance Indicators | show 🗑
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| show | I think that; It seems that; perhaps; maybe; in my opinion; I believe that; I guess that; it is reasonable to suppose that; this seems reasonable; this is plausible.
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| show | is an argument that has one or more premises or its conclusion is left implicit.
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| show | Is a truth or falshood that may or may not be expressed in a sentence.
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| show | is the information conveyed by a sentence.
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| Emotive Force of a Sentence | show 🗑
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| show | Has more than one meaning
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| show | has borderline cases.
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| Extenstion of a term | show 🗑
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| Intension of a Term | show 🗑
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| Extensional Definition | show 🗑
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| Intensional Definition | show 🗑
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| Ostensive Definition | show 🗑
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| show | Specifies the meaning of a term by naming the members of its extension individually.
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| Definition by Subclass | show 🗑
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| Lexical Definition | show 🗑
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| show | Specifies the intension of a term independently of convention or established use.
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| Precising definition | show 🗑
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| Theoretical Definition | show 🗑
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| Definiendum | show 🗑
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| show | Is the word or words that do the defining.
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| show | Ex: "Bird" means an animal having wings.
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| show | Ex: "Bird" means a feathered animal that can fly.
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| Counterexample To a definition | show 🗑
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| Criterion 3: A definition should not be obscure, ambiguous, or figurative. | show 🗑
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| Criterion 3: Obscure Technical Jargon: | show 🗑
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| show | Ex: Faith means true belief.
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| show | "art" is the stored honey of the human soul, gathered on wings of misery and travail.
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| Criterion 4: Definition should not be Circular | show 🗑
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| Criterion 5: A definition should not be negative if it can be affirmative. | show 🗑
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| show | Ex: Triangle means Steve's favorite geometrical figure.
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| show | Occurs when a word(or phrase) is used wiht more than one meaning in an argument, but the validity of the argument depends on the word's being used with the same meaning throughout.
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| show | occurs when disputants appear to disagree, but an ambiguous word ( or phrase) hides the fact that the disagreement is unreal.
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| Persuasive Definition | show 🗑
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| Formal Fallacy | show 🗑
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| Informal Fallacies | show 🗑
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| Argument Against the Person | show 🗑
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| show | Direct personal attack. Ex: an insult or allegation that the arguer has a moral flaw.
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| Circumstantial ad hominem | show 🗑
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| Tu Quoque | show 🗑
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| show | Premises: A misrepresentatio nof the view is false. Conclusion: The view itself is false.
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| Appeal to Force | show 🗑
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| Appeal to the People | show 🗑
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| show | Premises: You have reason to pity this person (or group). Conclusion: You should do X for the benefit of this person (or group), although doing X is not called for logically by the reason given.
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| show | Premises: This statement has not been proven true. Conclusion This statement is false. OR Premises This statement has not been proven false. Conclusion: This statement is true.
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| show | Premises: Something relevant to the topic at hand is described. Conclusion: A distracting but often unnoticed change of subject occurs.
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| Equivocation | show 🗑
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| show | Premises: Contain a sentence that is ambiguous due to faulty structure. (e.g. grammar or punctuation) Conclusion: Is reached no by valid Logical inference but by trading on the structural ambiguity
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| Composition | show 🗑
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| show | Premises: The whole (or group) has attribute X.
Conclusion: The part (or members) have attribute X
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| show | The airplane is heavy.
So, each of its parts is heavy.
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| show | Each of the parts of this airplane is very light.
Therefore, the airplane itself is very light.
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| show | Your honor, the witness said he saw a photograph of the defendant lying on the coffee table. Therefore, the defendant must have lain on the coffee table at some point.
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| Equivocation Example | show 🗑
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| Red Herring Example | show 🗑
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| Appeal to ignorance Example | show 🗑
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| Appeal to Pity Example | show 🗑
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| show | Real mean drink El Belcho Beer. Wimps drink the inferior brandss. I can see you're a real man. So, El Belcho is the beer for you.
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| Appeal to Force example | show 🗑
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| show | These evolutionists believe that a dog can give birth to a cat. How Ridiculous!
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| show | Dad tells me I shouldn't lie. he says lying is wrong because it makes people stop trusting on another. But I've heard my dad lie. Sometimes he calls in "sick" to work when he isn't really sick. So lying isn't really wrong. Dad just doesn't like it.
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| Argument against the person circumstantial Example | show 🗑
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| show | Yes, Jill argues for deconstruction. But her mind is so open, her brains are falling out. you can safely ignore whatever she has to say.
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| Begging the Question | show 🗑
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| show | God exists becasue the bible says so. But how do I know that what the bible says is true? Because its God' word.
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| False Dilemma | show 🗑
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| show | I do not know whether God's existence can be proven, but I do know that each person must be either a theist or an atheist. And by your own admission, you're no theist. Therefore, you must be an atheist.
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| Appeal to Unreliable Authority | show 🗑
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| Appeal to unreliable authority Example | show 🗑
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| show | Illegitimately assuming that one possible cause of a phenomenon is ar (or the) cause although reasons are lacking for excluding other possible clauses.
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| False Cause of Fallacy Example | show 🗑
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| show | Asking a question that illegitimately presupposes some conclusion alluded in the question.
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| Complex Question Example | show 🗑
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