Power of Logic
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| Logic | show 🗑
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| show | Is a set of statements where some of the statements, called the premises, are intended to suppor another, call the conclusion.
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| show | Is a declarative sentence that is either true or false.
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| Deductive Argument | show 🗑
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| Inductive argument | show 🗑
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| show | Is the study of methods for evaluating whether the premises of an argument guarantee its conclusion. (Validity and invalidity)
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| Inductive Logic | show 🗑
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| show | is one in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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| Invalid Argument | show 🗑
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| Sound Argument | show 🗑
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| Unsound argument | show 🗑
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| Argument Form | show 🗑
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| Modus Ponens | show 🗑
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| show | Substitution instance of an argument form is an argument that results from uniformly replacing the variables in that form with statements (or terms).
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| show | is one in which every substitution instance is a valid argument.
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| Formally Valid Argument | show 🗑
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| show | 1.If A, Then B 2. Not B. So, 3. Not A.
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| show | 1. If a, Then B 2. If B, then C So, 3. If A then C.
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| Disjunctive Syllogism (Two Versions) | show 🗑
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| Constructive Dilemma | show 🗑
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| Negation | show 🗑
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| show | is an If-then statement, often called a conditional.
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| show | Is the If-clause of a conditional.
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| show | Is the Then Clause of a conditional.
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| show | Is an either-or statement.
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| show | The statements comprising a disjunction are its disjuncts.
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| Invalid argument form | show 🗑
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| Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent | show 🗑
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| show | is a substitution instance in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false.
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| Good Counterexample | show 🗑
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| show | 1. If A, Then B 2. B, So, 3. A
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| show | Is a statement that relates two classes or categories, where a class is a set or collection of things.
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| Term | show 🗑
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| Strong Argument | show 🗑
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| show | Is one in which it is not probable that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true.
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| show | is a strong argument in which all of the premises are true
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| Uncongent Argument | show 🗑
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| Unsupported assertions | show 🗑
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| Reports: | show 🗑
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| Illustrations: | show 🗑
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| show | Statements that provide a causal or other reason for some phenomenon.
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| Conditional Statements | show 🗑
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| Well Crafted (version of an) Argument | show 🗑
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| show | Identify the premises and the conclusion.
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| Well Crafted Principle 2. | show 🗑
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| Well Crafted Principle 3. | show 🗑
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| show | Be fair and charitable in interpreting an argument.
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| Well Crafted Principle 5. | show 🗑
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| show | Make explicit obviously implicit premises in a charitable way.
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| show | Because; After all; Since; For; As; The reason is that; In light of the fact that; based on the fact that.
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| Conclusion Indicators | show 🗑
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| show | is a word or statement that adds nothing to the argument. Typical examples include discounts, repetition, assurances, and hedges.
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| show | Although; Even Though; in spite of the fact that; despite the fact that; while it may be true that; while I admit that; I realize that... But. I know that... but.
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| show | Obviously; everyone knows that; no doubt; it is well known that; certainly; no one will deny that; plainly; this is undeniable; clearly; this is a fact.
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| Hedge Indicators: | show 🗑
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| show | is an argument that has one or more premises or its conclusion is left implicit.
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| show | Is a truth or falshood that may or may not be expressed in a sentence.
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| show | is the information conveyed by a sentence.
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| Emotive Force of a Sentence | show 🗑
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| Ambiguous word | show 🗑
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| Vague Word | show 🗑
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| Extenstion of a term | show 🗑
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| show | Consists of the properties a thing must have to be included in the term's extension.
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| Extensional Definition | show 🗑
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| show | Specifies the meaning of a term by indicating the properties a thing must have to be included in term's extension.
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| Ostensive Definition | show 🗑
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| Enumerative Definition | show 🗑
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| Definition by Subclass | show 🗑
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| show | Reports the conventional or established intension of a term.
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| Stipulative Definition | show 🗑
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| Precising definition | show 🗑
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| show | attempts to provide an adequate understanding of the thing(s) to which the term applies.
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| show | is the word being defined.
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| show | Is the word or words that do the defining.
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| Criterion 1:A definition should not be too wide | show 🗑
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| show | Ex: "Bird" means a feathered animal that can fly.
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| show | is somethign to which the term applies but doesn't meet the conditions, or it meets the conditions and the term does not apply to it.
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| show | Obscure Technical jargon; Ambiguous; Figurative
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| Criterion 3: Obscure Technical Jargon: | show 🗑
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| Criterion 3: Ambiguous | show 🗑
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| Criterion 3: Figurative or Metaphorical | show 🗑
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| Criterion 4: Definition should not be Circular | show 🗑
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| show | Ex: A Mineral is a substance that is not an animal and not a vegetable.
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| show | Ex: Triangle means Steve's favorite geometrical figure.
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| Equivocation: | show 🗑
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| Merely Verbal Dispute | show 🗑
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| Persuasive Definition | show 🗑
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| show | Is an error in reasoning that involves the explicit use of an invalid form
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| Informal Fallacies | show 🗑
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| show | involves attacking the preson who advances an argument as opposed to provideing a rational critique of the argument itself.
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| show | Direct personal attack. Ex: an insult or allegation that the arguer has a moral flaw.
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| show | Attempts to discredit by calling attention to the circumstance or situation of the opponent.
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| show | Charges the opponent with hypocrisy or inconsistency.
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| Straw Man Fallacy | show 🗑
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| show | Premises: You can avoid harm by accepting this statement. Conclusion: This statement is true.
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| show | Premises: You will be accepted or valued if you believe this statement. Conclusion: This statement is true.
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| show | Premises: You have reason to pity this person (or group). Conclusion: You should do X for the benefit of this person (or group), although doing X is not called for logically by the reason given.
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| show | Premises: This statement has not been proven true. Conclusion This statement is false. OR Premises This statement has not been proven false. Conclusion: This statement is true.
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| Red Herring | show 🗑
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| Equivocation | show 🗑
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| Amphiboly | show 🗑
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| Composition | show 🗑
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| show | Premises: The whole (or group) has attribute X.
Conclusion: The part (or members) have attribute X
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| Division Example | show 🗑
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| Composition Example | show 🗑
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| Amphiboly Example | show 🗑
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| Equivocation Example | show 🗑
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| show | Your friend Margie says that Tasters Choice coffee tastes better than Folgers. Apparently she is ignoring the fact that Tasters Choice is made by Nestle, and Nestle is the company that manufactured that terrible formal for Third World Countries.
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| Appeal to ignorance Example | show 🗑
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| Appeal to Pity Example | show 🗑
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| Appeal to the people | show 🗑
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| show | You really think that drugs should be legalized? Think again. Dad will cut you out of the inheritance if you go on thinking like that. That should make it clear to you just how far off base your views really are.
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| Straw Man Example | show 🗑
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| Argument against the person Tue quoque Example | show 🗑
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| show | I find it mildly amusing that Mr. and Mrs. Billings are advocating school reforms. But I certainly do not see any reason to take their proposal seriously. Both of them were poor students in high school.
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| show | Yes, Jill argues for deconstruction. But her mind is so open, her brains are falling out. you can safely ignore whatever she has to say.
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| show | Assuming the point to be proved. The premises are similar in content to the conclusion but not better known than the conclusion
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| Begging the question example: | show 🗑
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| show | Using a premise that unjustifiably reduces the number of alternatives to be considered.
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| show | I do not know whether God's existence can be proven, but I do know that each person must be either a theist or an atheist. And by your own admission, you're no theist. Therefore, you must be an atheist.
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| Appeal to Unreliable Authority | show 🗑
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| show | Mike the "Monster" Malone, left tackle for the Seattle Sea Lions, says that chocolate zonkers are a nutritional breakfast cereal. So, Chocolate Zonkers are a nutritional cereal.
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| False Cause of Fallacy | show 🗑
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| False Cause of Fallacy Example | show 🗑
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| Complex Question | show 🗑
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| show | Have you stopped beating your wife?
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