Digestive System
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| Q: Take a trip through the digestive system. | A: From start to finish: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus.
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| Q: What glands are associated with the digestive system? | A: Salivary glands, liver, pancreas.
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| Q: What is the general structure from the esophagus to the rectum? | A: A tube with a 4-layered wall. From the outside in: Serosa/adventitia, muscularis externa, submucosa, & mucosa.
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| Q: This portion is the portion that forms a selective barrier and is involved in both secretion & absorption. | A: The mucosa.
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| Q: This portion is made up of loose CT, contains blood & lymphatic vessels, it's where you find Meissner's plexus, and where you find glands in the esophagus & duodenum. | A: The submucosa.
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| Q: This portion usually has two layers of smooth muscle and is where you would find Auerbach's plexus. | A: The muscularis externa.
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| Q: You would find this portion in areas where organs are embedded in other tissue. | A: Adventitia.
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| Q: You would find this portion along with mesothelium where there is free surface. | A: Serosa.
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| Q: What is the function of the esophagus? | A: To transport food from mouth to stomach.
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| Q: The mucosal lining of the esophagus is made up of ________ epithelium. | A: Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
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| Q: What secretes mucus in the esophagus? | A: Submucosal glands.
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| Q: What is the physical make-up of the muscularis externa layer of the esophagus?? | A: Upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle, middle 1/3 is both skeletal & smooth muscle, the lower 1/3 is smooth muscle.
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| Q: Does the esophagus have a advetitia or serosa? | A: Both! Advetitia above the diaphram and serosa below the diaphram.
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| Q: True or false: The stomach has both exocrine & endocrine functions. | A: True! Exocrine - secretes pepsin, Endocrine - secretes hormones.
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| Q: Aside from its endocrine & exocrine functions, name another function of the stomach. | A: Converts ingested food to acidic chyme.
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| Q: Name the regions of the stomach. | A: Cardia (no TQ here), fundus & body (histologically identical), and pylorus (or pyloric canal).
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| Q: These are longitudinal folds of mucosa & submucosa that disappear when the stomach fills. | A: Rugae.
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| Q: The mucosa is made up of ____ & ____. | A: Gastric pits & glands (found at the base of the pits).
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| Q: What type of cells are found in gastric glands? | A: Parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells.
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| Q: Where would you find pepsinogen & gastric lipase? | A: In chief cells.
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| Q: Enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa are found where? | A: In the stomach & small intestines. In the stomach they secrete gastrin to produce HCL, in the small intestines they secrete cholecystokinin (CCK) & secretin.
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| Q: What are the three layers of the muscularis externa? | A: Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal.
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| Q: Name the segments of the small intestines. | A: Duodenum, jejunum, and lieum.
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| Q: What is the function of the small intestines? | A: Final digestion, absorption, and endocrine secretion.
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| Q: These are permanent folds of mucosa & submucosa that are most elaborate in the jejunum. | A: Plicae circulares.
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| Q: In the small intestines, what are the strucures designed to increase surface area? | A: Plicae circulares, villi, & microvilli.
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| Q: True or false: Crypts (glands) of Lieberkuhn are found in the mucosa of the small intestines. | A: True!
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| Q: Name the cells of the small intestines. | A: Intestinal absorptive cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells.
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| Q: These cells are found in the small intestines at the base of crypts that secrete lysozyme and function as antimicroglia agents. | A: Paneth cells.
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| Q: These columnar epithelial cells with microvilli are found in the small intestines and are also called enterocytes. | A: Intestinal absorptive cells.
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| Q: These cells of the small intestines protect & lubricate and increase in numbers as we approach the ileum. | A: Goblet cells.
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| Q: These cells secrete CCK & secretin. | A: Enteroendocrine cells.
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| Q: What does cholecystokinin (CCK) do? | A: CCK stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes & stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
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| Q: What does secretin do? | A: Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and water.
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| Q: Where would you find Peyer's patches? | A: In the lamina propria of the ileum (I still don't know what they are).
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| Q: These glands, found in the submucosa of the duodenum, secrete alkaline mucus. | A: Brunner's glands.
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| Q: True or false: Crypts (glands) of lieberkuhn can be found in both small and large intestines. | A: True! I know at one point she made a distinction between crypts and glands but I have them both ways in my notes.
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| Q: What is the function of the large intestines. | A: Absorb water, produce mucus, form feces.
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| Q: Name the components of the large intestines. | A: Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum.
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| Q: True or false: The mucosa of the large intestines have no villi. | A: True!
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| Q: True or false: In the large intenstines the glands of Lieberkuhn contain absorptive cells & goblet cells. | A: True!
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| Q: What is special about the muscularis externa of the large intestine? | A: It has an outer longitudinal layer made up of three bands called "teniae coli".
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| Q: What marks the rectoanal junction? | A: An abrupt change from simple columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium & the disappearance of muscularis mucosa.
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| Q: What do you find in the submucosa of the rectoanal junction? | A: Hemorrhoidal veins.
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| Q: At the rectoanal junction the muscular externa has two layers. What are they and what do they form? | A: Inner & outer circular layers. The inner circular layer forms the inner anal sphincter and the outer circular layer forms the external anal sphincter.
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