Patterns of Inheritance Notes
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| heredity: | the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
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| the scientific study of heredity is known as: | genetics
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| blending inheritance: | where both parents contributed factors that were blended in offspring
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| gregor mendel (1800's): | austrian monk
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| gregor mendel worked with garden peas: flowers ____ ______ | self-fertilized (pollen fertilized egg before flower opened)
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| all peas were true-breeding: | seeds had same characteristic as single parent plant
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| mendel cross-pollinated the plants: | he selected plants with different traits to breed together
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| mendel studied traits: | 7 unique traits were studied
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| trait: | a specific characteristic that varies from one to another
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| mendel crossed plants with 7 contrasting characteristics and studied offspring. example: | round x wrinkled, yellow x green, tall x short
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| original pair of plants were called P ___ offspring were called F1 ___ | parental; first filial
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| hybrids: | the results of crosses between parents with different traits
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| when crossing two different parents what were the offspring like? P: tall x short F1: | all were tall
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| inherited traits are determined by: today these factors are called ____ | factors that are passed from one generation to the next; genes
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| alleles: (example gene for tall plant, gene for short plant) | different forms of gene - each is given a letter
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| the principle of dominance: | some alleles are dominant, other are recessive
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| if an organism had a ___ of an allele for a trait, _______. (dominant alleles are written with a capital letter) | dominant form; the organism will always have form
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| if an organism has a ___ of a trait, it will only show if ______. (recessive alleles are written with a lower-case letter) | recessive form; the dominant allele is present
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| principle of segregation: during _____, alleles are ___ from each other so that each gamete carries only a ____. | gamete formation; segregated; single copy of each gene
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| the alleles are ______. | paired up again when gametes fuse during fertilization
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| probability: | the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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| what is the probability of flipping heads twice? | 1/2*1/2 or 1/4
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| the principles of probability can be used to predict the ____. | outcomes of genetic crosses
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| we can determine the probable results of a genetic cross by drawing a _____. | punnett square
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| homozygous: | having two of the same allele
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| heterozygous: | having two different alleles
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| phenotype: | physical characteristics of an organism
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| genotype: | genetic makeup of an individual EX: TT or tt- the letters
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| if a plant has a tall ____ it can have one of two ____ EX: phenotype: genotype: | phenotype; genotype; tall plant; TT or Tt
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| the larger the number of individuals in the sample, ______. | the more accurate the ratios come out
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| the two-factor cross: | two traits
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| principle of independent assortment: | genes for different traits can be segregated independently during the formation of gametes
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| incomplete dominance: the heterozygous phenotype is in between ______. | one allele isn't completely dominant over another; 2 homozygous phenotypes
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| co-dominance: example: in cattle read hair and white hair are codominant. _______ | both alleles contribute to the phenotype; cattle with both are roan
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| multiple alleles: | some genes have more than just 2 alleles. EX: human blood has 3; ABO
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| polygenic traits: | many traits are controlled by 2 or more genes EX: human height, skin, color
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| sex-linkage: | the pair of sex chromosomes x and y determine the gender of an individual
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| autosome: | the chromosomes that are the same in males and femals
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| sex chromosome: | the 'mismatched' chromosomes that determine the gender of the organism
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| how is the sex of the offspring determined? in animals such as fruit flies and humans, _______. | the pair of sex chromosomes x and y determine the gender of an individual
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| genes on sex chromosomes: | a gene is located on one of the sex chromosomes is said to be sex-linked
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| where in the cell are the factors that control heredity? where are the genes? | genes; DNA in nucleus
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| chromosomal theory of heredity: | genes occupy specific positions on chromosomes; chromosomes undergo independent assortment and segregation
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| linked genes: | genes are linked together in chromosomes
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| linkage groups: | genes close together are likely to be inherited together
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| thomas hunt morgan: worked with _____ | drosophila melanogaster-fruit flies
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| why don't all of the offspring have the same genotypes as their parents? | because of crossing over
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| crossing over: | during meiosis- exchange of information between homologous chromosomes
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| crossing over breaks _______. | linkages on genes
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| gene map: | a diagram of chromosomes showing relative locations of genes
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| genes close together are ______. | likely to be inherited together
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| genes far apart separated by ________. | crossing over
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