Test 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Biological Functions of Larynx | show 🗑
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| Functions of the Larynx | show 🗑
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| show | Closure of airway during swallowing
- upward movement of the larynx
- closure of vocal folds and aryepiglottic folds
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| Emotional Functions of the Larynx | show 🗑
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| Speech Functions of the Larynx | show 🗑
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| suprasegmental phonation | show 🗑
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| Prosody | show 🗑
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| Types of Voice Disorders | show 🗑
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| Organic Voice Disorders | show 🗑
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| show | -originating in the brain
-impairments of the muscle control and innervation of the muscles of the vocal tract
-ex: Parkinsons
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| show | -emotional or psychological trauma resulting in voice changes
-no vocal fold pathologies
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| show | -vocal hypertension: excessive effort in phonation
-no vocal fold pathologies
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| Management & therapy of voice disorders | show 🗑
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| show | SLP
Otolaryngologist or ENT
Primary physician
Teachers
Coaches
Singing coach
Parents
Psychologists
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| show | -aids in gas exchanges (oxygenation of blood & removal of CO2 from body)
-sound production (movement of air past vocal folds)
-protection (prevention of & removal of contaminants from entering system)
-humdification and warming of air as it enters syst
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| show | -16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilage rings
-flexible but rigid to allow bolus through
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| show | bronchi
bronchioles (1mm or less in diameter)
terminal bronchioles
alveoli (gas exchange occurs)
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| Ribcage | show 🗑
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| Respiratory Anatomy | show 🗑
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| Muscles of Respiration | show 🗑
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| show | Internal intercostal muscle
External intercostal muscle
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| External intercostal | show 🗑
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| Thoracic muscles (muscles of rib cage wall) | show 🗑
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| show | neck muscles
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| show | main muscles of inspriation/expiration
-dome shaped
-divides thorax and abdomen
-anterior attachment: sternum
-lateral attachment: ribs/costal cartilages
-posterior attachment: spinal column
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| Muscles of Abdominal Wall | show 🗑
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| show | -diaphragm
-muscles of rib cage wall
- neck muscles
- thoracic muscles
- rib cage muscles
- muscles of abdominal wall
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| show | -no muscles
- only passive forces generated by RECOIL and ELASTIC properties of the lungs and muscles of rib cage as they return from an inflated state to a resting position
-torqueing forces
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| show | something somewhat rigid is turned and brought back to resting position
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| show | -movement of air accomplished because of pleural linings and muscle action
- lungs cling to thoracic cavity because of the linings
- lungs are forced to expand and recoil as volume of thoracic cavity changes during breathing
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| show | continuous linings made up of elastic and fibrous tissue
- visceral pleurae
- parietal pleurae
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| visceral pleurae | show 🗑
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| parietal pleurae | show 🗑
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| show | potential space filled with pleural fluid
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| show | Foe a given mass, at a constant temperature the pressure volume remains constant
-increase pressure decrease volume
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| Inspiration | show 🗑
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| show | External intercostal muscles (contract, increasing thoracic volume)
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| show | flattens as it contracts to increase the height of the thoracic cavity
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| Diaphrahm | show 🗑
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| show | -elasticity properties of lungs & rib cage
-recoil properties of lungs and thoracic cage
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| show | -Decrease volume of thoracic cavity
-Increase intrapulmonary pressure
-Air is expelled
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| Inspiration - Sequence of Events | show 🗑
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| show | -Inspiratory muscles relax
-Thoracic cavity volume decreases
-Elastic lungs recoil;intrapulmonary volume decreases
-Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1mm Hg)
-Air (gases) flow out of lungs down its pressure gradient til intrapulmonary pressure is 0
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| show | -active inhalation
-passive exhalation
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| show | Contraction of accessory muscles
Extra Expansion of thorax
Extra air inflow
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| Expiration - Forceful breathing | show 🗑
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| Tidal Volume | show 🗑
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| show | maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond the end of a tidal inspiration
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| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | show 🗑
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| Residual volume (RV) | show 🗑
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| show | maximum volume of air that can be inspired
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| show | total amount of air that can be inspired
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| show | volume of air contained in lungs at end of resting tidal exhalation
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| show | Total volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration
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| Power for normal speech is achieved by | show 🗑
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| muscle action needed to supply breath power for regular speech | show 🗑
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| show | same as passive breathing. Difference is amount of TIME spent in taking in air/expelling air out
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| show | Inhale: 40%
Exhale: 60%
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| Breathing for Speech | show 🗑
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| Sustained Voicing | show 🗑
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| show | speech requires much more muscular control in order to sustain the correct pressure over the long vocalisations
-if there is no muscular control, air is released too quickly
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| How is pressure/air flow maintained | show 🗑
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| braked | show 🗑
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| show | -temporal and stress patterns require a change in sub-glottal air pressure in speech
-changes in glottis & vocal tract affect airflow and pressure
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| show | -Breathing
-Valving action to permit stoppage of airflow
-Protection of airway from food/liquids during swallowing
-Protection of airway from foreign infiltrates
-Fixing thorax during activities that require high abdominal pressures
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| show | rubbery, fibrous, dense connective tissue
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| Laryngeal Cartilages | show 🗑
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| Hyoid Bone | show 🗑
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| Thyroid Cartilage | show 🗑
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| Where the plates come together | show 🗑
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| Epiglottis | show 🗑
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| show | -most inferior portion of larynx
-ligaments on inferior surface attach to first tracheal cartilage
-thin in front, large in back
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| show | -pair of small pyramid shaped cartilages
-upper border of the cricoid cartilage at the back of the larynx
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| 2 processes of Arytenoid cartilages | show 🗑
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| show | laterally directed
-attachment for intrinsic larygneal muscles that cause arytenoid cartilage to rock, rotate & slide on cricoid cartilage
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| show | -anteriorly directed
-posterior attachment for vocal ligament & vocalis muscle
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| show | support of larynx
fixing larynx in position
use in high & low pitches
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| Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles attachment | show 🗑
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| show | passageway into larynx
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| Laryngeal Cavity parts | show 🗑
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| show | space between the false & true vocal folds
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| glottis | show 🗑
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| show | space above the glottis
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| show | space below the glottis
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| show | abduct (open) and adduct (close) the vocal folds
-both attachments are within larynx
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| show | -only muscle of abduction
Origin: posterior surface of cricoid cartilage
Insertion: Arytenoids
Function: abduction
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| Largest laryngeal intrinsic muscle | show 🗑
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| Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle | show 🗑
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| show | -across
Origin: Arytenoids
Insertion: Opposite Arytenoids
Function: Adduction
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| show | -crossover
Origin: Arytenoids
Insertion: Opposite arytenoid
Function: adduction
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| Thyromuscularis | show 🗑
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| show | Origin: Thyroid cartilage
Insertion: Lateral surface of vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages
Function: Phonation
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| Thyroartenoid muscles | show 🗑
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| Cricothyroid muscle | show 🗑
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| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation (1) | show 🗑
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| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation (2) | show 🗑
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| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation (3) | show 🗑
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| Bernouilli Effect | show 🗑
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| Phonatory Cycle | show 🗑
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| Cover-Body Concept | show 🗑
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| show | superficial
intermediate
deep
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| show | epithelium and superficial lamina propria
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| Transition layer of vocal folds | show 🗑
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| show | vocalis muscle
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| Cover-Body Concept | show 🗑
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| mucosal wave | show 🗑
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| show | mass and stability provided by the stiffer layers over which the more compliant and flexible layers oscillate
-varied vibratory patterns exist because of different stiffness levels of different layers depending on what pitch we are doing
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| show | differences in modes of vocal fold vibration which result in a perceived change in voice quality
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| modal register | show 🗑
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| show | -lower register
-rough sound
-35-90Hz
-vocal folds are very loose & floppy
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| show | -higher register
-thin sound
-vocal folds are thinned along edges, stiff, long
-minimal posterior vibration, rapid anterior vibration
-vocal folds make brief contact
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| show | Composition: Elastin fibers
Function: air passes with minimal friction
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| Superficial layer - lamina propria | show 🗑
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| Intermediate layer - lamina propria | show 🗑
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| show | Composition: Collagen fibers
Function: Stretching is prohibited
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| show | Composition: muscle
Function: bulky, supportive
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| show | Epithelium
Superficial layer - lamina propria
Intermediate layer - lamina propria
Deep layer - lamina propria
Vocalis muscle
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| Pitch | show 🗑
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| Fundamental Frequency | show 🗑
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| show | range of frequencies that a person can produce
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| Factors that affect pitch and fundamental frequency | show 🗑
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| show | increase length
increase tension
decrease mass per unit length
-faster vocal fold vibration
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| show | Decrease in length
Decrease in tension
Increase in mass per unit length
-Slower vocal fold vibration
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| show | -Vocal fold tensors
-vocal fold relaxer
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| show | Cricothyroid muscle
Thyrovocalis
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| show | thyromuscularis
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| Loudness | show 🗑
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| SPL | show 🗑
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| Dynamic range | show 🗑
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| show | -subglottal pressure
-medial compression of vocal folds
-duration of vocal fold closure
-degree of vocal fold opening
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| show | increase vocal fold closure
increase medial compression
increase subglottal pressure
increase degree of vocal fold opening
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| Factors that affect vocal quality | show 🗑
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| Vocal Quality | show 🗑
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| show | breathy
strained
rough
hoarse
harsh
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| show | strained + rough + breathy
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| harsh | show 🗑
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| monopitch | show 🗑
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| Inappropriate pitch | show 🗑
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| Pitch breaks | show 🗑
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| show | Perceptual Characteristics: inability to produce the typical or expected pitch range
Acoustic Signs: reduced range of frequencies
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| show | Monopitch
Inappropriate pitch
Pitch breaks
Reduced pitch range
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| Loudness problems | show 🗑
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| Monoloudness | show 🗑
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| show | Perceptual Characteristics: extreme variations in loudness for a given setting
Acoustic Signs: rapid shifts in amplitude range
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| Reduced loudness range | show 🗑
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| Vocal Quality problems | show 🗑
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| show | -Continuous airflow during voicing
-reduced loudness
-lack of clarity in tone
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| show | -spectral noise
-reduced maximum phonation time
-restricted phonation range
-restricted dynamic range
-airflow through glottis
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| Hoarseness - Perceptual Characteristics | show 🗑
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| Hoarseness - Acoustic signs | show 🗑
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| show | -vocal tension
-increased loudness
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| show | Reduced clarity in tone
Unpleasant sounding
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| Harsh | show 🗑
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| Resonance problems | show 🗑
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| Hypernasal | show 🗑
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| show | can't talk at all with their nose
sounds plugged up
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| Structures of resonance system | show 🗑
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| show | Gives the voice full, rich, quality
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| Central Nervous System | show 🗑
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| show | Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
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| show | Motor cortex
-initiation, planning, execution of movements
-speech/voice programming (Broca's area)
-inferior frontal gyrus
-descending motor pathways (help with movement)
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| show | divides frontal/parietal
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| Functions of Parietal Lobe | show 🗑
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| show | body sense, position, and space
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| show | takes information in
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| secondary somatosensory areas | show 🗑
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| show | -primary auditory area
-discrimination of sound
-Wernicke's area
-auditory comprehension (receptive language)
-making sense of sound
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| show | Heschl's gyri
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| show | direct activation pathways
indirect activation pathways
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| show | Gets from one stop to another with no stops in between
-voluntary motor activity
- movements generated by cognitive activity
- skilled, discrete, and rapid movements
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| show | -Corona radiata (radiating crown)
-Internal capsule
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| Proejction Fibers | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral Corticospinal Tract
Corticobulbar Tract
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| show | known for movement of the limbs
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| show | known for movement of the face & neck
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| show | voicing/phonation
resonance
speech
-skilled, discrete and rapid movement
-generated by cognitive ability
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| Indirect Activation Pathways | show 🗑
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| show | deep innermost structure
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| show | -all sensory pathways synapse in it
-several motor pathways travel through it
-sensory-motor information is processed
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| Surrounds the thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | -caudate nucleus
-putamen
-globus pallidus
-substantia nigra
-subthalamic nucleus
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| show | caudate nucleus + putamen
-identical cell types, neurotransmitter systems
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| Pathways of Basal Ganglia | show 🗑
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| Neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| neurons | show 🗑
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| Basal Ganglia Functions | show 🗑
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| Cerebellar Function | show 🗑
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| Cerebellar Functions Role in Speech | show 🗑
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| show | from cortex via pons, then sends it out to cerebral cortex with a pit stop in the thalamus
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| Corticobulbar Tract | show 🗑
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| show | voicing/phonation
resonance
speech
swallowing
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| show | Cranial NErves that have the most important impact on speech, swallowing and voice
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| show | -Midbrain, pons, medulla
-cranial nerve nuclei
-long ascending and descending fiber tracts
-cerebellar pathways & circuits
-reticular formation
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| show | reticular formation
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| Cranial Nerves | show 🗑
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| show | Glossopharyngeal Nerve
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| CN IX | show 🗑
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| CN IX synapses | show 🗑
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| Glossopharyngeal NErve Functions | show 🗑
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| Glossopharyngeal Nerve structures innervated | show 🗑
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| Checking action | show 🗑
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| If you have more to say before you inhale again you are speaking on | show 🗑
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| show | takes energy to overcome normal recoil forces
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| Auditory Comprehension Sound Discrimination | show 🗑
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| Initiation of Voluntary movements Speech programming | show 🗑
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| show | parietal lobe
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| Motor Coordination | show 🗑
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| show | Basal Ganglia
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| show | Corona radiata
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| show | originates in the cerebral cortex, courses through internal capsule or brainstem and ends at the brainstem
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| show | -subthalamic nucleus
-substantia nigra
-globus pallidus
-caudate nucleus
-putamen
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| show | -Cerebellum: coordination of fine motor movements, receives feedback from cerebral cortex and modifying act as speech is being executed
Basal Ganglia: modifies or shapes movement patterns via neurotransmitters
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| show | cricothyroid
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| show | glottis
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| governs voluntary action | show 🗑
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| show | cerebellum
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| the sense of muscle and joint position | show 🗑
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| information directed toward the brain | show 🗑
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| show | afferent (motor)
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| show | central nervous system
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| show | peripheral nervous system
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|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Created by:
krdekkers