Help
Options
Question
Biological Functions of Larynx
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
Functions of the Larynx
Remaining cards (220)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Voice
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological Functions of Larynx | - aids the airway - closure of valves (birth, bowel movements, lifting heavy loads, coughing) |
| Functions of the Larynx | Biological Protective Emotional Speech |
| Protective Functions of the Larynx | Closure of airway during swallowing - upward movement of the larynx - closure of vocal folds and aryepiglottic folds |
| Emotional Functions of the Larynx | Expression of emotions - vertical position of the larynx - relative relaxation of vocal folds - relaxation of pharyngeal and tongue muscles |
| Speech Functions of the Larynx | - voicing - suprasegmental phonation |
| suprasegmental phonation | characteristics that don't have to do with the speech units themselves (prosody) |
| Prosody | qualities that provide speech with its melodic character - intonation - loudness - stress/duration - rate |
| Types of Voice Disorders | -Organic -Neurogenic -Psychogenic -Muscle Tension Dysphonia |
| Organic Voice Disorders | -structural deviations of the vocal tract -diseases of the vocal tract structures |
| Neurogenic Voice Disorders | -originating in the brain -impairments of the muscle control and innervation of the muscles of the vocal tract -ex: Parkinsons |
| Psychogenic Voice Disorders | -emotional or psychological trauma resulting in voice changes -no vocal fold pathologies |
| Muscle Tension Dysphonia | -vocal hypertension: excessive effort in phonation -no vocal fold pathologies |
| Management & therapy of voice disorders | no cookbook approach because everybody's different |
| Team Members in Treatment of voice disorders | SLP Otolaryngologist or ENT Primary physician Teachers Coaches Singing coach Parents Psychologists |
| Respiratory System Functions | -aids in gas exchanges (oxygenation of blood & removal of CO2 from body) -sound production (movement of air past vocal folds) -protection (prevention of & removal of contaminants from entering system) -humdification and warming of air as it enters syst |
| Trachea | -16-20 horseshoe shaped cartilage rings -flexible but rigid to allow bolus through |
| Lungs | bronchi bronchioles (1mm or less in diameter) terminal bronchioles alveoli (gas exchange occurs) |
| Ribcage | 12 pairs manubrium sternum xiphoid process cartilage: elastic |
| Respiratory Anatomy | Pharynxes Laryngeal Area Trachea Lungs Ribcage |
| Muscles of Respiration | -Muscles of Rib Cage -Thoracic Muscles -Neck Muscles -Diaphragm -Muscles of Abdominal wall -Muscles of Respiration |
| Muscles of Rib Cage | Internal intercostal muscle External intercostal muscle |
| External intercostal | important for breathing in & breathing out |
| Thoracic muscles (muscles of rib cage wall) | used for inspiration and expiration |
| Muscles of Rib Cage Wall | neck muscles |
| Diaphragm | main muscles of inspriation/expiration -dome shaped -divides thorax and abdomen -anterior attachment: sternum -lateral attachment: ribs/costal cartilages -posterior attachment: spinal column |
| Muscles of Abdominal Wall | -Rectus abdominis -external oblique -internal oblique -transversus abdominis |
| Muscles of Respiration | -diaphragm -muscles of rib cage wall - neck muscles - thoracic muscles - rib cage muscles - muscles of abdominal wall |
| Expiration | -no muscles - only passive forces generated by RECOIL and ELASTIC properties of the lungs and muscles of rib cage as they return from an inflated state to a resting position -torqueing forces |
| torqueing forces | something somewhat rigid is turned and brought back to resting position |
| Movement of air through system | -movement of air accomplished because of pleural linings and muscle action - lungs cling to thoracic cavity because of the linings - lungs are forced to expand and recoil as volume of thoracic cavity changes during breathing |
| plurae | continuous linings made up of elastic and fibrous tissue - visceral pleurae - parietal pleurae |
| visceral pleurae | lungs |
| parietal pleurae | thorax |
| pleural cavity | potential space filled with pleural fluid |
| Boyle's Law | Foe a given mass, at a constant temperature the pressure volume remains constant -increase pressure decrease volume |
| Inspiration | -active forces (diaphragm & external intercostals) -decrease of intrapulmonary pressure -increase volume of thoracic cavity -visceral pleura clings to parietal pleura -lungs expand with visceral pleura -air is taken in |
| Muscles of inspiration | External intercostal muscles (contract, increasing thoracic volume) |
| Diaphragm (does what for inspiration?) | flattens as it contracts to increase the height of the thoracic cavity |
| Diaphrahm | muscle of inspiration muscle for forced expiration (singing, prolonged speaking) |
| Passive forces of expiration | -elasticity properties of lungs & rib cage -recoil properties of lungs and thoracic cage |
| Passive expiration | -Decrease volume of thoracic cavity -Increase intrapulmonary pressure -Air is expelled |
| Inspiration - Sequence of Events | Inspiratory mus.contract(diaphragm descends;rib cage rises) thoracic cavity volume increases lungs stretched;intrapulmonary volume increases Intrapulmonary pressure drops Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is |
| Expiration - Sequence of events | -Inspiratory muscles relax -Thoracic cavity volume decreases -Elastic lungs recoil;intrapulmonary volume decreases -Intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1mm Hg) -Air (gases) flow out of lungs down its pressure gradient til intrapulmonary pressure is 0 |
| Ventilation (Breathing) | -active inhalation -passive exhalation |
| Inspiration - Forceful Breathing | Contraction of accessory muscles Extra Expansion of thorax Extra air inflow |
| Expiration - Forceful breathing | Contraction of abdominal muscles/internal intercostals abdominal contents move up diaphragm moves up |
| Tidal Volume | amount of air inspired/expired during a typical respiratory cycle |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond the end of a tidal inspiration |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | maximum volume of air that can be expired beyond the end of a tidal expiration |
| Residual volume (RV) | volume of air that remains in lungs after a maximum expiration |
| Inspiratory capacity (IC) | maximum volume of air that can be inspired |
| Vital capacity | total amount of air that can be inspired |
| Functional residual capacity (FRC) | volume of air contained in lungs at end of resting tidal exhalation |
| Total lung capacity (TLC) | Total volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration |
| Power for normal speech is achieved by | passive elastic & recoil forces of respiration -lung tissue elasticity -gravity -visceral recoil -rib untorquing |
| muscle action needed to supply breath power for regular speech | none |
| Amount of air taken in/expelled out for speech | same as passive breathing. Difference is amount of TIME spent in taking in air/expelling air out |
| Quiet Breathing | Inhale: 40% Exhale: 60% |
| Breathing for Speech | Inhale: 10% Exhale: 90% |
| Sustained Voicing | lung volume/alveolar pressure relationship changes |
| Speech vs quiet breathing | speech requires much more muscular control in order to sustain the correct pressure over the long vocalisations -if there is no muscular control, air is released too quickly |
| How is pressure/air flow maintained | -flow of air out of the lungs is braked by using the inspiratory muscles to keep lung volume high and slow the rate of expiration -upon reaching resting expiratory volume, the expiratory muscles are used to push air out until the end of the utterance. |
| braked | use of checking action |
| Difference between speech and sustained voicing | -temporal and stress patterns require a change in sub-glottal air pressure in speech -changes in glottis & vocal tract affect airflow and pressure |
| Functions of Laryngeal System | -Breathing -Valving action to permit stoppage of airflow -Protection of airway from food/liquids during swallowing -Protection of airway from foreign infiltrates -Fixing thorax during activities that require high abdominal pressures |
| Cartilages | rubbery, fibrous, dense connective tissue |
| Laryngeal Cartilages | -epiglottis -hyoid bone -thyroid cartilages -cricoid cartilages -arytenoid cartilages -corniculate cartilages |
| Hyoid Bone | Horseshaped bone -does not join to any other bone -ligaments and cartilage support the bone |
| Thyroid Cartilage | -Adam's apple -anterior & lateral walls of the larynx -2 approximately quadrilateral plates joined anteriorly at an angle |
| Where the plates come together | thyroid cartilage |
| Epiglottis | -leaf-shaped cartilage -posterior to tongue -retroflexion during swallowing -prevents aspiration and penetration |
| Cricoid Cartilage | -most inferior portion of larynx -ligaments on inferior surface attach to first tracheal cartilage -thin in front, large in back |
| Arytenoids | -pair of small pyramid shaped cartilages -upper border of the cricoid cartilage at the back of the larynx |
| 2 processes of Arytenoid cartilages | Muscular process Vocal process |
| Muscular process | laterally directed -attachment for intrinsic larygneal muscles that cause arytenoid cartilage to rock, rotate & slide on cricoid cartilage |
| Vocal process | -anteriorly directed -posterior attachment for vocal ligament & vocalis muscle |
| Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles primary functions | support of larynx fixing larynx in position use in high & low pitches |
| Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles attachment | one muscle attachment to the larynx and another attachment to structure external to larynx -muscles are either elevators or depressors |
| laryngeal inlet | passageway into larynx |
| Laryngeal Cavity parts | -false vocal folds -true vocal folds -ventricular space -glottis -supraglottal space -subglottal space |
| Ventricular space | space between the false & true vocal folds |
| glottis | space between the vocal folds |
| supraglottal space | space above the glottis |
| subglottal space | space below the glottis |
| Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles primary function | abduct (open) and adduct (close) the vocal folds -both attachments are within larynx |
| Posterior Cricoarytenoids | -only muscle of abduction Origin: posterior surface of cricoid cartilage Insertion: Arytenoids Function: abduction |
| Largest laryngeal intrinsic muscle | Posterior Cricoarytenoids |
| Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle | Origin: cricoid cartilage Insertion: arytenoids Function: adduction |
| Transverse Arytenoids | -across Origin: Arytenoids Insertion: Opposite Arytenoids Function: Adduction |
| Oblique Arytenoids | -crossover Origin: Arytenoids Insertion: Opposite arytenoid Function: adduction |
| Thyromuscularis | Origin: Thyroid cartilage Insertion: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilages Function: phonation (voicing) |
| Thryovocalis | Origin: Thyroid cartilage Insertion: Lateral surface of vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages Function: Phonation |
| Thyroartenoid muscles | Thyrovocalis Thyromuscularis |
| Cricothyroid muscle | Glottal tenser -origin: cricoid cartilage -Insertion: Thyroid cartilage -Function: Pitch control, vocal fold tensor |
| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation (1) | Vocal folds are in closed position. Subglottal pressure increases relative to supraglottal pressure. The increased subglottal air pressure causes vocal folds to separate on inferior border. Column of air pressure continues to move from inferior border to |
| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation (2) | superior border. When abducted, the velocity of airflow between the vocal folds increases and the pressure between the vocal fold decreases. Decreased air pressure, coupled with elastic recoil of the vocal folds, causes them to move back toward midline. |
| Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation (3) | The vocal folds approximate first on inferior border and then superior border, eventually abducting |
| Bernouilli Effect | Given a constant volume flow of air, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow |
| Phonatory Cycle | (closed-open-closed) -myoelastic and aerodynamic forces -cycle is repeated approximately 125 times/second Males: 125 Hz or 225 times/second Females: 225 Hz |
| Cover-Body Concept | Vocal folds have 3 layers -epithelium -lamina propria -vocalis muscle |
| lamina propria layers | superficial intermediate deep |
| Cover layer of vocal folds | epithelium and superficial lamina propria |
| Transition layer of vocal folds | Intermediate and deep layers of lamina propria |
| Body of vocal folds | vocalis muscle |
| Cover-Body Concept | -different stiffness levels of each layer - loosely adherent cover - stiff, supportive underlying vocal ligament - underlying, stiffer bulky muscle -mucosal wave |
| mucosal wave | wave travels in a front-to-back or medial-to-lateral pattern |
| Cover-Body Concept accounts for | mass and stability provided by the stiffer layers over which the more compliant and flexible layers oscillate -varied vibratory patterns exist because of different stiffness levels of different layers depending on what pitch we are doing |
| Vocal Register | differences in modes of vocal fold vibration which result in a perceived change in voice quality |
| modal register | -pattern of phonation used for most conversational speech -Women: 150-500 Hz (average 225 Hz) -Men: 80-450 Hz |
| Glottal fry register | -lower register -rough sound -35-90Hz -vocal folds are very loose & floppy |
| Falsetto (loft) | -higher register -thin sound -vocal folds are thinned along edges, stiff, long -minimal posterior vibration, rapid anterior vibration -vocal folds make brief contact |
| Epithelium | Composition: Elastin fibers Function: air passes with minimal friction |
| Superficial layer - lamina propria | Composition: Elastin fibers Function: Stretching is allowed; vocal folds can be thinned out along the edge |
| Intermediate layer - lamina propria | Composition: elastin fibers & collagen fibers Function: stretching is allowed but only in certain directions |
| Deep layer - lamina propria | Composition: Collagen fibers Function: Stretching is prohibited |
| Vocalis muscle | Composition: muscle Function: bulky, supportive |
| Body Cover | Epithelium Superficial layer - lamina propria Intermediate layer - lamina propria Deep layer - lamina propria Vocalis muscle |
| Pitch | quality of sound determined by fundamental frequency of sound waves -Perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency -no acoustic analysis |
| Fundamental Frequency | number of vibratory cycles of the vocal folds in one second (Hz) -Males average: 125 Hz -Females: 225 Hz |
| phonational range | range of frequencies that a person can produce |
| Factors that affect pitch and fundamental frequency | length tension and mass of vocal folds -subglottal air pressure |
| high pitch | increase length increase tension decrease mass per unit length -faster vocal fold vibration |
| Low pitch | Decrease in length Decrease in tension Increase in mass per unit length -Slower vocal fold vibration |
| Muscles of Pitch | -Vocal fold tensors -vocal fold relaxer |
| Vocal fold tensors | Cricothyroid muscle Thyrovocalis |
| Vocal fold relaxer | thyromuscularis |
| Loudness | -perceptual correlate of intensity -quality of voice related to changes in subglottal and transglottal air pressure drops |
| SPL | sound pressure level of an utterance average SPL levels: 70-80dB |
| Dynamic range | range of vocal intensities that can be produced (50-115dB) |
| Factors that affect loudness/intensity | -subglottal pressure -medial compression of vocal folds -duration of vocal fold closure -degree of vocal fold opening |
| Loud voice | increase vocal fold closure increase medial compression increase subglottal pressure increase degree of vocal fold opening |
| Factors that affect vocal quality | tension of vocal folds mass per unit length medial compression subglottal pressure physical symmetry resonant characteristics |
| Vocal Quality | -quality of voice is hard to measure ovjectively -quality of one's voice |
| Subjective nature of vocal quality | breathy strained rough hoarse harsh |
| hoarse | strained + rough + breathy |
| harsh | strained and rough |
| monopitch | Perceptual characteristics: lack of variation in pitch during speech |
| Inappropriate pitch | Perceptual characteristics: pitch that is beyond the range of acceptable pitch for age or sex Acoustic Signs: mean Fundamental Frequency beyond acceptable values given age or sex |
| Pitch breaks | Perceptual characteristics: uncontrolled sudden shifts of pitch Acoustic Signs: rapid shifts of Fundamental Frequency |
| Reduced pitch range | Perceptual Characteristics: inability to produce the typical or expected pitch range Acoustic Signs: reduced range of frequencies |
| Pitch problems | Monopitch Inappropriate pitch Pitch breaks Reduced pitch range |
| Loudness problems | Monoloudness Loudness variation Reduced loudness range |
| Monoloudness | Perceptual Characteristics: lack of variation in loudness level Acoustic Signs: reduced amplitude variation |
| Loudness Variation | Perceptual Characteristics: extreme variations in loudness for a given setting Acoustic Signs: rapid shifts in amplitude range |
| Reduced loudness range | Perceptual Characteristics: lack of range in loudness level during speech Acoustic Signs: reduced dynamic range |
| Vocal Quality problems | breathy hoarse strained rough harsh |
| Breathy - Perceptual Characteristics | -Continuous airflow during voicing -reduced loudness -lack of clarity in tone |
| Breathy - Acoustic Signs | -spectral noise -reduced maximum phonation time -restricted phonation range -restricted dynamic range -airflow through glottis |
| Hoarseness - Perceptual Characteristics | -roughness -continuous airflow during voicing -reduced loudness -lack of clarity in tone; noisy |
| Hoarseness - Acoustic signs | -spectral noise -reduced maximum phonation time -restricted dynamic range -restricted phonation range |
| Strained | -vocal tension -increased loudness |
| Rough | Reduced clarity in tone Unpleasant sounding |
| Harsh | a 'hard edge' to voice; hard glottal attacks -muscle tension -strained rough quality |
| Resonance problems | Hypernasal Hyponasal |
| Hypernasal | -nasal quality to voice -"tinny" sounding... not a lot of depth to it |
| Hyponasal | can't talk at all with their nose sounds plugged up |
| Structures of resonance system | oral cavity nasal cavity pharynxes |
| Function of Resonance system | Gives the voice full, rich, quality |
| Central Nervous System | Cerebral Hemisphere Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves |
| Frontal Lobe Functions | Motor cortex -initiation, planning, execution of movements -speech/voice programming (Broca's area) -inferior frontal gyrus -descending motor pathways (help with movement) |
| Central Sulcus | divides frontal/parietal |
| Functions of Parietal Lobe | primary and secondary somatosensory areas -tactile -pain -temperature -proprioceptive function -integration of general somatosensory information |
| Proprioceptive function | body sense, position, and space |
| primary somatosensory areas | takes information in |
| secondary somatosensory areas | fine tune information coming in |
| Functions of Temporal Lobe | -primary auditory area -discrimination of sound -Wernicke's area -auditory comprehension (receptive language) -making sense of sound |
| primary auditory area | Heschl's gyri |
| 2 types of motor pathways | direct activation pathways indirect activation pathways |
| Direct Activation pathway | Gets from one stop to another with no stops in between -voluntary motor activity - movements generated by cognitive activity - skilled, discrete, and rapid movements |
| Projection Fibers | -Corona radiata (radiating crown) -Internal capsule |
| Proejction Fibers | Information is getting funneled into the brain stem from the corona radiata and fibers become known as the internal capsule |
| Direct Activation Pathways | Lateral Corticospinal Tract Corticobulbar Tract |
| Lateral Corticospinal Tract | known for movement of the limbs |
| Corticobulbar Tract | known for movement of the face & neck |
| Direct Activation Pathways control | voicing/phonation resonance speech -skilled, discrete and rapid movement -generated by cognitive ability |
| Indirect Activation Pathways | -make several synapses throughout brainstem -reflexive, automatic activities not controlled by cognition -contribution to speech/voicing is unknown |
| Thalamus | deep innermost structure |
| General Functions of the Thalamus | -all sensory pathways synapse in it -several motor pathways travel through it -sensory-motor information is processed |
| Surrounds the thalamus | Basal Ganglia |
| Structures of the Basal Ganglia | -caudate nucleus -putamen -globus pallidus -substantia nigra -subthalamic nucleus |
| Striatum | caudate nucleus + putamen -identical cell types, neurotransmitter systems |
| Pathways of Basal Ganglia | either excitatory or inhibitory -requires balance among neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA) |
| Neurotransmitters | Electrochemical signals - action potentials (electrical) - neurotransmitters (chemical) |
| neurons | convert elctrical signal into chemical signal at the axon terminal |
| Basal Ganglia Functions | -Modulation of movements made possible by various neurotransmitters -speech/voicing (modulation of speech & voicing) -helps with intensity or rate etc. |
| Cerebellar Function | -motor learning -coordination of the timing and force of muscular contractions |
| Cerebellar Functions Role in Speech | -coordination of muscles for voicing -modification of planned and ongoing speech movements -feedback to sensorimotor cortex -has flexibility to alter activity while it is being done |
| Cerebellum gets info | from cortex via pons, then sends it out to cerebral cortex with a pit stop in the thalamus |
| Corticobulbar Tract | origin: sensorimotor cortex Pathway: corona radiata, intertnal capsule, cerebral puduncle Destination: motor nerve nuclei in brainstem |
| Corticobulbar tract controls | voicing/phonation resonance speech swallowing |
| Cranial nerves IX, X, XII | Cranial NErves that have the most important impact on speech, swallowing and voice |
| Major Components of Brainstem | -Midbrain, pons, medulla -cranial nerve nuclei -long ascending and descending fiber tracts -cerebellar pathways & circuits -reticular formation |
| important in staying awake | reticular formation |
| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs numbered according to where their nuclei lie in the brain stem -motor, sensory, or both |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal Nerve |
| CN IX | Origin: posterior 1/3rd of tongue Course: nucleus solitarius and thalamus Termination: sensory cortex |
| CN IX synapses | in nucleus solitarius (medulla area) processed in sensory cortex (parietal lobe) |
| Glossopharyngeal NErve Functions | taste and general sensation -gives us sensory information about the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue |
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve structures innervated | -posterior 1/3rd of tongue, pharynx, soft palate, middle ear, faucial pillars |
| Checking action | Process in which you let air out during the speech act you are using muscles to restrain the airflow. You are checking the flow of air out of your inflated lungs by the use of inspiratory muscles |
| If you have more to say before you inhale again you are speaking on | expiratory reserve volume |
| Sustained voicing and speaking on expiratory reserve volume | takes energy to overcome normal recoil forces |
| Auditory Comprehension Sound Discrimination | Temporal Lobe |
| Initiation of Voluntary movements Speech programming | Frontal Lobe |
| Proprioceptive information Tactile information pain sensory processing | parietal lobe |
| Motor Coordination | Cerebellum |
| Modulation of movements through balance of neurotransmitters | Basal Ganglia |
| Fan-like mass of fibers that originate in the cerebral cortex and proceed down toward the brain stem | Corona radiata |
| Direct activation pathway | originates in the cerebral cortex, courses through internal capsule or brainstem and ends at the brainstem |
| What are the 5 basal ganglia nuclei? | -subthalamic nucleus -substantia nigra -globus pallidus -caudate nucleus -putamen |
| How does the basal ganglia's influence on movement differ from the cerebellar's influence on movement? | -Cerebellum: coordination of fine motor movements, receives feedback from cerebral cortex and modifying act as speech is being executed Basal Ganglia: modifies or shapes movement patterns via neurotransmitters |
| the primary muscle responsible for change of vocal fundamental frequency | cricothyroid |
| space between the vocal folds | glottis |
| governs voluntary action | frontal lobe or cerebral cortex |
| responsible for coordinating movement | cerebellum |
| the sense of muscle and joint position | proprioceptive function |
| information directed toward the brain | efferent (sensory) |
| information directed from the brain | afferent (motor) |
| includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures, brainstem, and spinal cord | central nervous system |
| includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and sensory receptors | peripheral nervous system |
Created by:
krdekkers