Chapter 36 Bushong
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| what are late effects of radiation based on | Stochastic effect
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| what are radiation protection guidelines based on | Late effects of radiation and on linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationship.
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| how must epidemiologic studies be conducted to study effects of low dose radiation | Based on a large number of people exposed toa toxic substance.
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| what effect was was caused by high doses in the early practices of radiology that caused callused, cracked and discolored skin on hands and forearms of radiologists | Radiodermatitis
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| what type of stem cells are damaged by radiation | Lymphocytic stem cells.
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| how long can effects be delayed in peripheral lymphocytes | 20 years
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| what responses are damage to circulating lymphocytes early or late | Chromosome damage
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| low doses of radiation have been proven to cause what? | aberrations that may not be apparent until many years after radiation exposure.
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| What can be caused as a late effect of irradiation of blood forming organs | Produce hematologic depression as an early response or leukemia as a late response.
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| What is used principally to produce radionuclides for used in nuclear medicine. | Modern Cyclotron.
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| What type of dose response are cataracts | Nonlinear,theshold
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| What is the life shortening span for every rad | 10 days
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| What is the life shortening span for radiation workers | Life is shortened by only 12 days.
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| Formula for relatice risk observed cases/expected cases. | realative risk= observed cases/expected cases.
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| What is the theory of radiation hormesis | Suggest that very low radiation doses are beneficial.
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| What is the only theory we practice | ALARA; as low as reasonably achievable.
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| Relative risk factor of 1 indicates what | No risk at all.
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| Relative risk factor of 1.5 indicates what | frequency of late response is 50% higher in the irradiated population
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| who/what determines the absolute risk of radiation-induced malignant disease | National Academy of Science(NAS) Committee on the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation(BEIR)
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| What is stochastic | One that has no dose threshold.
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| What type of responses are all radiation induced malignancy | All the late effects
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| How have radiation induced malignancy been observed | In experimental animals, and on the basis of these animal experiments, dose-response relationships have been developed.
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| What type of dose response is leukemia | Linear and Nonthreshold.
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| What groups have exhibited an elevated incidence of leukemia after radiation exposure | Atomic Bomb Survivors.
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| where have we accumulated the most info for radiation induced leukemia | Survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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| How much greater was the leukemia incidences for Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors | 100 times that in the nonirradiated population.
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| what is the latent period for radiation induced leukemia | 4 to 7 years
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| what is the risk period for radiation induced leukemia | 20 years
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| What year was the incidence of leukemia high in radiologist and why | 1940 no protection and received doses over 100 rad per year
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| Skin cancer has what type of dose response | threshold dose-response relationship.
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| What is the BEIR ? | Biological effects of Ionizing Radiation
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| What effect does chronic low doses have on fertility | low- dose, chronic
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| the most radiosensitive period in pregnancy |
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| what period is of the least concern in pregnancy first 2 weeks |
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| cancer is what type of effect of radiation exposure |
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| what is the risk for skin cancer |
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| what is the latent period for skin cancer |
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