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Chapter 36 MAXT
Chapter 36 Bushong
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are late effects of radiation based on | Stochastic effect |
| what are radiation protection guidelines based on | Late effects of radiation and on linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationship. |
| how must epidemiologic studies be conducted to study effects of low dose radiation | Based on a large number of people exposed toa toxic substance. |
| what effect was was caused by high doses in the early practices of radiology that caused callused, cracked and discolored skin on hands and forearms of radiologists | Radiodermatitis |
| what type of stem cells are damaged by radiation | Lymphocytic stem cells. |
| how long can effects be delayed in peripheral lymphocytes | 20 years |
| what responses are damage to circulating lymphocytes early or late | Chromosome damage |
| low doses of radiation have been proven to cause what? | aberrations that may not be apparent until many years after radiation exposure. |
| What can be caused as a late effect of irradiation of blood forming organs | Produce hematologic depression as an early response or leukemia as a late response. |
| What is used principally to produce radionuclides for used in nuclear medicine. | Modern Cyclotron. |
| What type of dose response are cataracts | Nonlinear,theshold |
| What is the life shortening span for every rad | 10 days |
| What is the life shortening span for radiation workers | Life is shortened by only 12 days. |
| Formula for relatice risk observed cases/expected cases. | realative risk= observed cases/expected cases. |
| What is the theory of radiation hormesis | Suggest that very low radiation doses are beneficial. |
| What is the only theory we practice | ALARA; as low as reasonably achievable. |
| Relative risk factor of 1 indicates what | No risk at all. |
| Relative risk factor of 1.5 indicates what | frequency of late response is 50% higher in the irradiated population |
| who/what determines the absolute risk of radiation-induced malignant disease | National Academy of Science(NAS) Committee on the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation(BEIR) |
| What is stochastic | One that has no dose threshold. |
| What type of responses are all radiation induced malignancy | All the late effects |
| How have radiation induced malignancy been observed | In experimental animals, and on the basis of these animal experiments, dose-response relationships have been developed. |
| What type of dose response is leukemia | Linear and Nonthreshold. |
| What groups have exhibited an elevated incidence of leukemia after radiation exposure | Atomic Bomb Survivors. |
| where have we accumulated the most info for radiation induced leukemia | Survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| How much greater was the leukemia incidences for Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors | 100 times that in the nonirradiated population. |
| what is the latent period for radiation induced leukemia | 4 to 7 years |
| what is the risk period for radiation induced leukemia | 20 years |
| What year was the incidence of leukemia high in radiologist and why | 1940 no protection and received doses over 100 rad per year |
| Skin cancer has what type of dose response | threshold dose-response relationship. |
| What is the BEIR ? | Biological effects of Ionizing Radiation |
| What effect does chronic low doses have on fertility | low- dose, chronic |
| the most radiosensitive period in pregnancy | |
| what period is of the least concern in pregnancy first 2 weeks | |
| cancer is what type of effect of radiation exposure | |
| what is the risk for skin cancer | |
| what is the latent period for skin cancer |
Created by:
CherieMichael
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