CU LEC 2: Test 1.
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| these six things define living things ... | DRGRIMM. Differentiation, reproduction, growth, responsiveness, metabolism, movement .
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| 1. Metabolism | is the entirety of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism (the breaking down of molecules) and anabolism (the assembling of molecules).
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| 2. Responsiveness | is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment. This life process is largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis explained later in this lecture.
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| 3. Movement | includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles within the cells.
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| 4. Growth | refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both.
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| 5. Differentiation | is the change in a cell from unspecialized to specialized.
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| 6. Reproduction | can refer either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or (more commonly) to the production of a new individual.
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| C. An autopsy is | postmortem examination of the body, including the dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death (Clinical Connection).
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| A. Homeostasis is a major theme throughout A&P. | It is a condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment produced by the ceaseless interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes.
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| 1. Homeostatic imbalances occur because | of disruptions from the external or internal environments.
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| 2. Homeostasis is regulated by | the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently.
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| a. The nervous system in homeostasis | detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption.
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| b. The endocrine system in homeostasis | regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones, which are chemical messengers that are released into the blood.
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| c. Nerve impulses vs. hormones, speed? | nerve impulses (from the nervous system) cause rapid changes, hormones (from the endocrine system) usually work more slowly.
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| 1. A feedback system is a | cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region.
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| 2. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a | stimulus.
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| 3. A feedback system consists of three basic components: | receptor, control system, and effector
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| a. A receptor | monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center.
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| b. The control center of a feedback system | sets the range of accepted values. It then evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
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| c. An effector is | a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
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| Example of negative feedback | homeostasis with BP. stress:stimulus, BP-controlled condition, pressure-sensitive cells-baroreceptors. nerve impulses:imput. brain:control center. Nerve impulses:output. smooth muscle of blood vessels:effectors. relax and dialate:response.
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| example of positive feedback | Childbirth: cervix stretched:stimulus. nerve cells in cervix:receptor. nerve impulses:imput.hypothalmus:controle center. release of oxytocin:output (pituitary gland). smooth muscles of uterus(effectors)to contract more forcefully (response). reinforced
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| propagation of an action potential | aka nerve impulse is an example of a positive feedback loop.
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| A. Disruption of homeostasis can lead to | disease and death.
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| B. Symptoms | are subjective changes in body functions; e.g., headache or nausea
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| C. Signs are | objective changes in body functions; e.g., fever or rash
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| D. A disorder | is any abnormality of structure or function. It is a general term.
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| E. Disease is | a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
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| 1. A localized disease is | one that affects one part or a limited region of the body: “The infection caused by the cat bite is localized to the hand.”
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| 2. A systemic disease affects | either the entire body or several parts: “Because the cat bite was ignored, the patient now has a systemic infection as manifested by her fever, anorexia and generalized malaise.”
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| F. Diagnosing is | the art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease.
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| 1. A diagnosis is | generally determined after taking a medical history and performing a physical examination.
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| 2. Several noninvasive techniques are used clinically to assess certain aspects of body structure and function,they are: | inspection, palpation, auscultation,percussion, and checking vital signs.
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| a. Inspection | observing the body for any changes that deviate from normal
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| b. Palpation | feeling body surfaces with the hands
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| c. Auscultation | listening to body sounds, often using a stethoscope
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| d. Percussion | tapping on body surfaces and listening to the resulting echo
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| e. Taking Vital Signs | measuring temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
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| B. Body fluids are primarily located within three different areas (or spaces) | intracellular, instititional, and intravascular
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| 1. 1st Space where fluid is found: | the space inside the cell. This fluid is called intracellular fluid (ICF)
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| 2. 2nd Space where fluid is found: | the space in the blood vessels (intravascular space). This fluid is plasma, and it is outside the cell, thus falls in the category of extracellular fluid (ECF)
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| 3. 3rd Space where fluid is found: | the space in between cells of tissues. Fluid located here is the interstitial fluid, (sometimes called tissue fluid). This is also an ECF.
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| 4. There are a few additional locations where body fluid can be found. These will lumped together in a miscellaneous category |
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| C. Since ECF is in constant motion throughout the body and also surrounds all body cells, it is often called the body’s | internal environment.
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