CMB - Chapter 14 - Basic Pharmacology
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| Pharmacology is the | study of the medications including their composition, indications, adverse effects, and how they act in the body
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| Pharmacodynamics is the | study of what drugs do to the body.
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| Pharmacokinetics is the | study of what the body does to drugs.
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| ADME | absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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| When a drug stimulates or increases the effect, the drug is called an | agonist
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| When a drug inhibits or decreases the effect, the drug is called an | antagonist
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| The therapeutic window concept is | the idea that medications have an optimal range where they work in
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| The therapeutic index is | a measure of how safe medications are
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| Therapeutic Index (TI) values are deternmined by taking | lethal dose of a given drug divided by the effective dose
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| Absorption is | the method the body uses to take medication into the bloodstream
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| Bioavailability is a | measure of how much of the drug actually gets into the blood to be distributed in the body
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| Disintegration is | the process of breaking down into smaller parts as demonstrated by crushing a tablet
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| Dissolution is | the ability of solid to dissolve to a liquid form
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| ? tend to work the fastest, followed by ?, and finally ? & ? | solutions, suspensions, tablets & capsules
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| CD | controlled dose
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| CR | controlled release
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| ER | extended release
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| IR | immediate release
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| LA | long acting
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| SR | sustanied release
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| XL | extended release
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| XR | extended release
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| Distribution is | how the body moves the medication from the bloodstream to tissues or organs to exert its effect.
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| Solubility is | the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance.
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| fat soluble medications tend to be eliminated by the | liver
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| water soluble molecules tend to be eliminated by the | kidneys
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| The volume of distribution (Vd) | gives an idea of where medications go in the body
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| pH stands for | "power of hydrogen"
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| Weak acids and weak bases are considered | "salts" of substances
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| Generic names ending in "ine" are | bases
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| Metabolism is | the body's attempt to make medication more polar so the medication can be easily eliminated.
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| Excretion is | how the body eliminates a medication
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| In ?, a constant amount of drug is eliminated over time | zero order kinetics
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| almost all medications are eliminated by which type of kinetics | first order kinetics
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| The half-life of a drug is | the amount of time it takes for half of the original medication to be eliminated
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| When two medications work together, the medications are | synergistic
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| When two medications inhibit each other, the medications are | antagonistic
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| drug-drug interactions | two drugs are mixed together to create another effect
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| drug-food interactions | drugs are affected by consuming certain food or drink such as grapefruit juice
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| drug-disease interactions | drug can be harmful due to a medical condition
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| Pharmacokinetic interactions occur when | one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of the other drug.
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| Pharmacodynamic interactions occur when | one drug adds to or neutralizes the other drug's effect without affecting the pharmacokinetics of the other drug.
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| ? neutralizes warfarin and is the antidote for warfarin overdose | Vitamin K
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| Toxicology is | the study of poisons and how they affect the body
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| antidote for APAP, Tylenol overdose is | Acetylcysteine (Acetadote, Mucomyst)
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| antidote for Alcohol (ethanol) or fomepizole | Methanol or ethylene glycol
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| antidote for Anticholinergics is | Physostigmine (Antilirium)
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| antidote for Benzodiazepines is | Flumazenil
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| beta-blocker antidote | Glucagon
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| Black widow spider bite antidote | Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans)
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| Calcium channel blockers antidote | Ca
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| Carbon monoxide antidote | oxygen
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| Cyanide antidote | Amyl nitrate
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| Digoxin antidote | Digoxin Immune Fab
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| Epinephrine antidote | Phentolamine
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| Heparin or enoxaparin antidote | Protamine
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| Narcotics/Opiates antidote | Naloxone
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| Nerve gas poisoning antidote | Pralidoxime (2-PAM, Protopam)
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| Tricyclic antidepressant antidote | Sodium bicarbonate
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| Theophylline or caffeine antidote | Esmolol
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| The ? regulates (or controls) muscles that we have voluntary control over, such as biceps and triceps | somatic nervous system (SoNS)
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| The ANS is composed of the | sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
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| The SNS is | the "fight or flight" system; heart, lungs
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| The PSNS is | the "rest and digest" system; stomach,
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| The SNS is also referred to as the ? because the SNS nerves branch out from this part of the spinal cord | thoracolumbar system
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| When alpha receptors are stimulated, the result is | the excitation/stimulation/constriction of the organ or tissue
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| When beta receptors are stimulated, the result is | the relaxation/inhibition/dilation of the organ or tissue
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| The PSNS is also referred to as the ? because the PSNS nerves branch out at this part of the spinal cord | craniosacral system
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| ? receptors are found primarily in the arteries | Alpha
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| ? receptors are found primarily in the heart and the lungs | Beta
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| Beta-l receptors are found in the | heart
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| Beta-2 receptors are found in the | lungs
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| Muscarinic receptors (e.g., M2 and M3) are found throughout the | digestive tract, in the eye, the heart, the lungs, and the bladder.
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| When muscarinic receptors are stimulated, muscles | contract
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| ? receptors are found on voluntary skeletal muscle such as biceps, deltoids, etc. | Somatic
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| myosis | nearsightedness
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| mydriasis | farsightedness
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| Stimulation of muscarinic receptors results in a | decrease in heart rate.
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| When the muscarinic receptors are over-stimulated, ? occurs because the contents are being moved too quickly through the digestive system | diarrhea
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| When the muscarinic receptors are over-inhibited, ? occurs because the contents are not being moved quickly enough | constipation
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| The digestive system also has ? receptors | alpha-2
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| When ? receptors in the urinary bladder are stimulated, the urinary bladder relaxes and urine stays in the bladder | beta-2
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| When ? receptors are stimulated, the urinary bladder contracts and urine is pushes out of the bladder into the urethra to be eliminated. | muscarinic
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| Giving two medications within the same drug class or very similar drugs that do practically the exact same thing is | an additive drug-drug interaction (duplication)
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| When alpha receptors in the arteries are stimulated, the arteries | constrict and narrow the pathway blood enters to increase pressure.
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| The three main muscles in the eye are the | radial, circular, and ciliary muscles.
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| The radial and circular muscles allow us to have | near and far vision.
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| The ciliary muscle allows us to | be able to see clearly during near and far vision.
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| ? is the automatic adjustment of the lens in the eye to improve the clarity during near and far vision | Accommodation
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| in the heart, ? stimulate the heart to contract which increases contractility and blood pressure | beta cells
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| beta-1 stimulants such as dobutamine should be used in | cardiac shock
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| Stimulation of muscarinic receptors results in a | decrease in heart rate.
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| When alpha receptors are stimulated, arteries | constrict, which increases blood pressure
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| ? is commonly used for anaphylactic shock | Epinephrine
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| The lungs have ? receptors which are found on the bronchioles | beta-2
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| When beta receptors in the bronchioles are stimulated, bronchioles | relax (or dilate) to increase the amount of air entering the lungs.
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| When beta receptors are inhibited, the bronchioles | constrict, and wheezing may occur.
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| The digestive system also has ? receptors | alpha-2
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| Alpha-2 receptors are | sensory receptors that give the body an idea how much acetylcholine is being released.
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| Tachyphylaxis is | a condition where the effectiveness of the medication diminishes over time.
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| Alpha-1 antagonists, such as doxazosin (Cardura), are commonly used for | benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
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