Introduction to Sociology Chp 1 - De More
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Sociology | systematic study of human society
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| Sociological Perspective | special point of view of sociology thta sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people
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| Global Perspective | the study of the larger world and our society's place in it
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| high-income countries | the nations with the highest overall standards of living (united States, Canada)
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| middle-income countries | nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole (Eastern Europe, Latin America)
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| low-income countries | nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor (some African and Asian nations)
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| positivism | a scientific approach ot knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation
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| theory | a statement of how and why specific facts are related
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| theoretical approach | a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
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| structural-functional approach (functionalism) | framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
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| social structure | any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
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| manifest functions | the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
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| latent functions | the unrecognized and unintentional consequences of any social patter
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| social dysfunction | any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
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| social-conflict approach (conflict theory) | a frameowrk for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
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| gender-conflict approach | a point of view thta focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women
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| feminism | support of social equality for men and women
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| race-conflict | a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different races and ethnic categories
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| macro-level orientation | a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole (the "big picture")
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| micro-level orientation | a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situation
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| symbolic interaction approach (symbolic interactionism) | a framework for building theory thta sees society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals
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| positivist sociology | the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior
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| science | a logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systymatic observation
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| empirical evidence | information we can verify with our senses
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| concept | a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in simplified form (the family, social class etc)
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| variable | a concept whose value changes from case to case (social class: upperclass/middle class/lower class)
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| correlation | a relation ship in which two or more variables change together
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| cause and effect | a relationship in which change in one variable (independant variable) causes change in another (dependant variable)
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| independant variable | the variable that the experimenter changes or enacts in order to measure change in the dependant variable
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| dependant variable | variable that changes when the independent variable changes; depends on the outcome of the independent variable
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| measurement | a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case (ex: income, occupation, education)
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| reliability | consistancy in measurement
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| validity | actually measuring what you intend to measure
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| interpretive sociology | study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their world
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| critical sociology | the study of society that focuses on the need for change
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| gender | personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
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| research method | a systematic plan for doing research
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| experiment | a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
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| survey | a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview
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| participant observation | a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their activities
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| stereotype | a simplified description applied to every person in some category
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| sociological imagination | the understanding that social outcomes are shaped by social context, actors, and social actions; allows the individual to connect personal troubles to public issues; C. Wright Mills
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| Herbert Spencer | structural-functionalist; compared society to the human body; just as the human body functions together to help one survives, social structures work together to preserve society.
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| Auguste Comte | French social thinker; coined the term "sociology"; believed in studying society through the use of positivism.
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| Three Stages of Historical Development | theological (society expressed was God's will); metaphysical (society is a natural phenomenon, not supernatural); scientific (applied scientific methods to study society); sociology was a product of these stages.
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| Robert K. Merton | structural-functionalist; distinguished between manifest and latent funtions of society and discussed social function and dysfunction
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| Karl Marx | social-conflict approach (conflict theory); his ideas are the basis for what is known as conflict theory which postulates that the competition of individuals and groups for wealth and power is the fundamental process shaping social structure.
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| Harriet Martineau | first female sociologist; translated Auguste Comte's work from French into English
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| Jane Addams | founded Hull House in Chicago; won Nobel Peace Prize for her activism within the community and contributions to sociology and society.
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| W.E.B. Du Bois | social-conflict approach; earned first doctorate awarded to a person of color; helped found NAACP; coined the term "double consciousness"
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| Max Weber (vay-ber) | symbolic interactionism; his thoughts on the need for an understanding of society from the personal point of view laid foundation for micro-level studies
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| Verstehan (ver-SHTAY-en) | German word for "understanding"; Max Weber contended that it was important not only to observe what individuals do, but also necessary to undertand and appreciate WHY people act as they do.
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