CA Developmental Psy
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Developmental | continuous and changes from conception to death
not all about changes, some factors are continuous
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psychology | thoughts, behaviors, feelings
social
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Domains | physical, cognitive,social, emotional
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Periods | Prenatal
Infancy & Toddlers
Early Childhood
Middle Childhood
Adolescence
Adult
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Prenatal | before birth, developmental genetic disorders
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Infancy & Toddler | birth to 2
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Early Childhood | 2 to 6
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middle childhood | 6 to 11
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Adolescence | 11 to 18
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adult | 18 and above
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Medieval times | 6th- 15th centuries, before it was true science, separate from adults, laws to protect children, laws more lenient for children who offend, religious writings contradictory
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reformation | 16th century, puritan belief of original sin, children born evil had to be civilized, beating for misbehaving, portrayed as miniature adults
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Enlightenment | 17th century, emphasized human dignity and respect, John Locke & Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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John Locke | 1632-1704, tabula rasa- blank slate
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau | 1712-1778, born "pure", corrupted or enriched by society
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Charles Darwin | 1809-1882, evolution
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late 19th century | human development recognized as scientific field
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Stanley Hall | 1844-1924, 1st scientific study of child development
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Alfred Binet | 1857-1911, 1st standardized tests of intelligence
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arnold gesell | 1925 article, genetically programmed sequential pattern of change
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20th century | studies done by psychologists
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present day | interdisciplinary, international
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maturation | unfolding of genetically determining traits, structures, and functions
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learning | our experiences produce permanent changes
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constructivists | genetics and environment interact directly
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cultural | genetics and environment interact indirectly
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developmental theory | nature and regulation of human structural, functional, and behavioral change over time
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objectivity | separating self from results, no bias
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reliability | consistent results
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replicability | another researcher try your study
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validity | measure what intend to measure
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Naturalistic Observation | observe and record, little interaction with participants, a way to gather information before conducting an experiment, can observe one or multiple behaviors, ethnography
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ethnography | detailed description of culture, live with other culture, compare cultural development
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survey | predetermined set of questions, doesn't change from person to person, not experimental
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correlational | the relationship between two variables, no cause and effect
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positive correlation | both variables increase
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negative correlation | one var. increases and one decreases
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zero correlation | no relation, dots everywhere
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clinical interviews | adapt questions to each individual, questions asked depend on previous answer, follow-up questions, focus on interested areas for clarification, great for studying individual differences need to be ignored in order to see patterns in behavior
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experiments | researchers manipulate one variable and measure other variable
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independent variable | manipulated
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dependent variable | measured
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random assignment | mix of people, randomly set into groups
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experimental group | manipulation
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control group | no manipulation, compare with experimental to see changes
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quasi-experimental | preexisting variable, can't randomly assign or even manipulate
gender, race, religion, mental health, age, personality, background
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longitudinal | same children observed repeatedly overtime
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longitudinal problems | selective attrition (tendency for some people to drop out of study more than others) , nonrepresentative sample, practice effect (repeated exposure allows you to get better), cross-generational problems (can't be applied to others)
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cross-sectional | children of different ages compared at one time
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cohort | group of people born at the same time and more likely to share same experiences
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cross-sectional problems | cohort effect- can't apply to other cohorts because of different experiences
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sequential or cohort-sequential | combo of cross-sectional and longitudinal, same children from different age groups and measurements taken over multiple years, shorter than longitudinal, minimizes cohort effect or helps you identify cohort effects
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microgenetic | adaptation of longitudinal study, follows the mastery of a task present to a child, follow only for hours or days
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