Psychology Eighth Edition by David G. Myers
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| Biological Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | German physician who invented phrenology, the popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits
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| Neurotransmission | show 🗑
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| Neuron | show 🗑
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| show | Cell Body
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| show | The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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| show | The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscle or glands
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| Terminal Branches | show 🗑
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| Mylin Sheath | show 🗑
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| show | The period in which a neuron has met a threshold and is in action
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| Action Potential | show 🗑
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| Resting Potential | show 🗑
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| show | .2 m/s resting between each firing period
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| show | Met threshold for action potential to occur
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| show | Farther away from threshold - less likely to fire
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| All-Or-None Response | show 🗑
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| Threshold | show 🗑
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| show | The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the syncaptic gap or cleft
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| Neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| Acetycholine | show 🗑
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| show | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia. Starved of dopamine, the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease
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| show | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Under supply linked with depression; Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels
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| show | Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply can depress mood.
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) | show 🗑
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| show | A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. Over supply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)
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| Receptor Site | show 🗑
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| Endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | Contain neurotransmitters until time of release
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| Agonist | show 🗑
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| show | Blocks neurotransmitter - inhibits molecule
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| Nervous System | show 🗑
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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| Brain | show 🗑
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| Spinal Cord | show 🗑
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| show | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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| Automatic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| Somatic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| show | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
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| Reflex | show 🗑
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| show | Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons which are a part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
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| Sensory Neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
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| show | Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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| Neural Networks | show 🗑
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| Endocrine System | show 🗑
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| show | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in one tissue and affect another
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| show | A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The Adrenal glands secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse the body in times of stress
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| show | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and control other endocrine glands.
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| show | Tools used to discover processes/ parts of the brain
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| show | Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally cased destruction of brain tissue
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| show | An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
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| show | A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
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| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | show 🗑
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| fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | show 🗑
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| Brain stem | show 🗑
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| show | The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing
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| Reticular Formation | show 🗑
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| show | A brand of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the midbrain, medulla, and the cerebrum
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| show | The brain's sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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| show | The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
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| Limbic System | show 🗑
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| Amygdala | show 🗑
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| Hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | An enfolding of cerebral cortex into the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere, having the shape in cross section of a sea horse
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| show | The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center
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| Glial Cells | show 🗑
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| Frontal Lobes | show 🗑
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| show | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
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| show | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
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| Temporal Lobe | show 🗑
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| show | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
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| show | The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes the body touch and movement sensations.
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| show | Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
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| show | Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
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| Broca's Area | show 🗑
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| show | Controls language reception, a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
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| Visual Cortex | show 🗑
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| show | The cerebral gyrus of the posterior part of the external surface of the parietal lobe that arches over the posterior end of the sulcus between the superior and middle gyri of the temporal lobe called also angular convolution.
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| show | The brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.
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| Corpus Callosum | show 🗑
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| Left Hemisphere | show 🗑
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| Right Hemisphere | show 🗑
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| show | A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
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