Psychology Eighth Edition by David G. Myers
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| show | A Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neurophysiologists, behavior geneticists, psychological psychologists, or biopsychologists)
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| Franz Gall | show 🗑
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| show | Dendrites to cell body to axon
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| Neuron | show 🗑
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| show | Cell Body
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| show | The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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| show | The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscle or glands
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| Terminal Branches | show 🗑
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| show | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
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| Firing Period | show 🗑
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| Action Potential | show 🗑
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| Resting Potential | show 🗑
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| show | .2 m/s resting between each firing period
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| show | Met threshold for action potential to occur
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| show | Farther away from threshold - less likely to fire
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| All-Or-None Response | show 🗑
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| show | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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| Synapse | show 🗑
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| Neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| show | A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. With Alzheimer's disease, Ach-producing neurons deteriorate
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| Dopamine | show 🗑
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| Serotonin | show 🗑
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| show | Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply can depress mood.
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| show | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Under supply linked with seizures, tremors, and insomnia
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| show | A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. Over supply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)
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| show | The location of the dendrites that receive the neurotransmitters from an axon
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| Endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | Contain neurotransmitters until time of release
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| Agonist | show 🗑
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| Antagonist | show 🗑
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| show | The body's speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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| show | The part of the central nervous system enclosed in the cranium of humans and other vertebrates, consisting of a soft, convoluted mass of gray and white matter and serving to control and coordinate the mental and physical actions
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| Spinal Cord | show 🗑
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| show | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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| show | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses, its parasympathetic division calms
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| Somatic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| show | The division of the automatic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | show 🗑
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| show | A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
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| Nerves | show 🗑
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| Sensory Neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
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| Interneurons | show 🗑
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| Neural Networks | show 🗑
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| Endocrine System | show 🗑
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| Hormones | show 🗑
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| show | A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The Adrenal glands secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse the body in times of stress
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| Pituitary Gland | show 🗑
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| Discovery Tools | show 🗑
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| Lesion | show 🗑
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | show 🗑
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| PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan | show 🗑
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| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | show 🗑
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| show | A technique for revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; MRI scans show brain anatomy fMRI scans show brain function
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| Brain stem | show 🗑
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| show | The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing
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| show | A nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
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| Pons | show 🗑
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| show | The brain's sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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| show | The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
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| show | A doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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| show | Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
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| Hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | An enfolding of cerebral cortex into the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere, having the shape in cross section of a sea horse
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| Cerebral Cortex | show 🗑
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| show | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
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| show | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgement.
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| Parietal Lobes | show 🗑
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| Occipital Lobes | show 🗑
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| show | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.
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| show | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
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| Sensory Cortex | show 🗑
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| Association Areas | show 🗑
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| show | Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
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| show | Controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
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| show | Controls language reception, a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.
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| Visual Cortex | show 🗑
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| Angular Gyrus | show 🗑
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| show | The brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.
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| Corpus Callosum | show 🗑
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| show | Controls right side, logic, language, analytical.
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| show | Controls left side, art, creativeness, music, intuitive.
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| Split Brain | show 🗑
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