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Psychology Eighth Edition by David G. Myers

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Term
Definition
Biological Psychology   show
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show German physician who invented phrenology, the popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits  
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Neurotransmission   show
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Neuron   show
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show Cell Body  
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show The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body  
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show The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscle or glands  
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Terminal Branches   show
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Mylin Sheath   show
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show The period in which a neuron has met a threshold and is in action  
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Action Potential   show
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Resting Potential   show
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show .2 m/s resting between each firing period  
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show Met threshold for action potential to occur  
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show Farther away from threshold - less likely to fire  
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All-Or-None Response   show
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Threshold   show
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show The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the syncaptic gap or cleft  
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Neurotransmitters   show
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Acetycholine   show
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show Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia. Starved of dopamine, the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease  
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show Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Under supply linked with depression; Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels  
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show Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply can depress mood.  
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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)   show
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show A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. Over supply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate, in food)  
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Receptor Site   show
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Endorphins   show
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show Contain neurotransmitters until time of release  
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Agonist   show
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show Blocks neurotransmitter - inhibits molecule  
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Nervous System   show
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Central Nervous System (CNS)   show
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Brain   show
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Spinal Cord   show
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show The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body  
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Automatic Nervous System   show
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Somatic Nervous System   show
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Sympathetic Nervous System   show
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show The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.  
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Reflex   show
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show Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons which are a part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.  
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Sensory Neurons   show
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show Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands  
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show Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs  
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Neural Networks   show
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Endocrine System   show
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show Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in one tissue and affect another  
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show A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The Adrenal glands secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse the body in times of stress  
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show The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and control other endocrine glands.  
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show Tools used to discover processes/ parts of the brain  
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show Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally cased destruction of brain tissue  
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show An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.  
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show A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task  
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)   show
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fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging   show
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Brain stem   show
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show The base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing  
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Reticular Formation   show
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show A brand of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the midbrain, medulla, and the cerebrum  
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show The brain's sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla  
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show The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance  
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Limbic System   show
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Amygdala   show
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Hypothalamus   show
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show An enfolding of cerebral cortex into the lateral fissure of a cerebral hemisphere, having the shape in cross section of a sea horse  
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show The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center  
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Glial Cells   show
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Frontal Lobes   show
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show The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.  
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show The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.  
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Temporal Lobe   show
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show An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.  
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show The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes the body touch and movement sensations.  
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show Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.  
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show Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)  
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Broca's Area   show
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show Controls language reception, a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.  
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Visual Cortex   show
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show The cerebral gyrus of the posterior part of the external surface of the parietal lobe that arches over the posterior end of the sulcus between the superior and middle gyri of the temporal lobe called also angular convolution.  
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show The brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.  
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Corpus Callosum   show
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Left Hemisphere   show
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Right Hemisphere   show
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show A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.  
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