Psych-Final
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| Hofestede Culture def. | culture is the collective programming of the mid that distinguishes the members of a group or category of people from others
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| Power Distance | Degree to which members of a national culture automatically accept a hierarchal or unequal distribution of power in organizations and the society
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| Uncertainty Avoidance | Degree to which members of a given national culture deal with the uncertainty and risk of everyday life and prefer to work with long-term acquaintances and friends rather than with strangers
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| Masculinity | degree to which a national culture looks favorably on aggressive and materialistic behavior
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| Individualism and Collectivism | degree to which individuals in a given national culture perceive themselves as separate from others and free from group pressures to conform
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| Time Orientation | degree to which members of a national culture would defer gratification to achieve long-term success (short-term-->long-term)
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| Subjective Culture | Characteristic way of perceiving its social environment
(Categories and assc, beliefs, attitudes, norms, roles, tasks, values, value orientation
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| Categories | analyzing the categories that people use
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| Categories have associations | emic associations
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| Beliefs | link among categories
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| Attitudes | ideas charged with affect (emotion) predisposing action
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| Norms | ideas about behavior expected of members of a group
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| Roles | Ideas about the correct behavior of people who hold a position in a social group
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| Tasks | sequence of behaviors
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| Values | conceptions of the desirable state of affairs
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| Value orientation | more abstract set of values
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| Emic | -culture specific concepts
-Insider approach
ex: used when describing cultures
-focuses on a single culture
-within the system
-anthropology
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| Etic | -universal or culture general concepts
-outsider
ex: used when comparing cultures
-looks at several cultures
-outside the system
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| Ethnocentrism | tendency to judge other people and cultures by the standards of one's own culture & to believe that the behaviors, customs, norms, & other characteristics of one's own group are natural, valid, and correct while others are unnatural, invalid, & incorrect
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| Ethnorelativism | The experience of one's own belief and behaviors are just one organization of reality among many viable possibilities
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| 6 Stages of development of intercultural sensitivity | -Denial
-defense
-minimization
-acceptance
-adaptation
-integration
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| Denial | Ignorance is accepted
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| Defense | able to perceive cultural differences, different=wrong
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| Minimization | everyone is the same...as me
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| Acceptance | people know their own cultural identity and accept others cultural identities
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| Adaptation | intercultural empathy
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| Integration | Identity is fluid, not necessarily better than adaptation
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| Cultural Craziness | -Culture is implicated in the expression and experience of psych pathology
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| Psychological Disorder | a rare impairment
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| Cultural Bounde-syndromes | syndromes that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors, and hence occur far less frequently, or are manifested highly divergent ways, in other cultures
Ex: eating disorders, voodoo death, hikkimori, amok, susto
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| Universal syndromes | Depression
social anxiety disorder
suicide
schizophrenia
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| Cultural limitations of psychotherapy | -psychotherapy is inescapably bound to a particular cultural framework
-there can be non value-free psychotherapy
-barriers to seeking treatment
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| Four social functions of humor | -Meaning making
-Hierarchy building
-cohesion building
-tension relief
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| Meaning Making | mechanisms for defining reality
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| Hierarchy Building | a compatible but more narrow version of meaning-making functions of humor is the proposal that joking creates status differentiation
("serves to help structure local interaction hierarchies)
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| Cohesion Building | is used for interpersonal emotion management.
-Used as an equalizer and harmonizer
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| Tension Relief | -Humor as a stress-reducing tool.
-In task oriented groups it: helps accomplish group goals and maintain smooth relations
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| Humor in Advertisement | Humor is one of the most widely employed message techniques in modern advertising
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| Humor in counseling | humor helps gain pleasure despite painful effects which disturb it, acts as a substitute
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| Hofestede 5 Dimensions in humor | -Individualism vs collectivism
-Hierarchy
-Aggression & Gender
-Otherness & Truth
-Long-term vs Short-term
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| Individualism vs collectivism | expect jokes as self-contained units should be more prevalent among individualistic societies. Collectivistic societies would tend to adopt more implicit and contextual forms of humor
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| Hierarchy | by definition, a joke is a fictious story that carries no relationship with the real world. Autocratic leaders fear the force of humor
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| Aggression & Gender | expect masculine societies to joke at the expense of women or of men in positions subordinate to women
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| Otherness & Truth | uncertainty avoidance most affects the context of jokes
-one would expect jokes to be made about them unless socially taboo topics
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| Long-term vs. Short term | short term is about living for the day, long term is about planning the present for long-term goals
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| Jokes as ethnography | many jokes are told about national stereo-types & they enjoy great popularity (serve as reinforcement of stereo-types)
-jokes carry culture. are a form of folk tales.
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| Il Tragic-comico | most appreciated humor in Italy it points out the absurdities and ironies in daily life.
-Italian humor grounded in reality
ex: poverty, old age, death, sickness, hunger, misery
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| Hofestede Personality big 5 | -Openness to experience
-Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
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| Openness to experience | inventive/ curious vs. consistent/cautious
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| Conscientiousness | efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless
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| Extraversion | outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved
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| Agreeableness | friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind
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| Neuroticism | sensitive/nervous vs secure/confident
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| Sociocultural approach | cognitive development as progressive increase of contexts experienced by child. forming a base of his/her representation of knowledge
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| Knowledge Era | Dramatic increase of the importance of literacy as an ingredient of economic and social participation
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| P.I.S.A | program for international student assessment.
-every 3yrs accesses how much students have learned
-measures: mathematical, scientific, reading literacy, and problem solving
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| Psychotherapy | biggest tool used by psychologists to improve the life of abnormal behavior disorders-whose lives are dysfunctional
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| Triandis-culture def | Is a shared pattern of beliefs, attitudes, norms, role perceptions, and values
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| 10 sets of values | -self-direction
-stimulation
-hedonism
-achievement
-power
-security
-conformity
-tradition
-benevolence
-universalism
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| Self-direction | creativity, freedom, choosing own goals, curiosity
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| Stimulation | a varied life, an excited life, daring
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| Hedonism | pleasure, enjoying life
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| Achievement | ambitious, successful, capable
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| Power | authority, wealth, social recognition
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| Security | social order, clean, healthy, sense of belonging
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| Conformity | obedient, self-disciplined, politeness
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| Tradition | respect for tradition, humble, devout
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| Benevolence | helpful, loyal, forgiving
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| Universalism | broad minded, social justice, world of beauty
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| Value Orientation | -Innate human nature
-Man nature
-Modality of human activities
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| Innate human nature | which can be evil, neutral, a mixture of good and bad, or good, mutable or immutable
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| Man nature | can involve subjugation to, harmony with, or mastery over nature
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| Modality of human activities | emphasis on being (cherishing the experience) being-in, becoming, (changing, growing, self-actualization)
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