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Psych-Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hofestede Culture def. | culture is the collective programming of the mid that distinguishes the members of a group or category of people from others |
| Power Distance | Degree to which members of a national culture automatically accept a hierarchal or unequal distribution of power in organizations and the society |
| Uncertainty Avoidance | Degree to which members of a given national culture deal with the uncertainty and risk of everyday life and prefer to work with long-term acquaintances and friends rather than with strangers |
| Masculinity | degree to which a national culture looks favorably on aggressive and materialistic behavior |
| Individualism and Collectivism | degree to which individuals in a given national culture perceive themselves as separate from others and free from group pressures to conform |
| Time Orientation | degree to which members of a national culture would defer gratification to achieve long-term success (short-term-->long-term) |
| Subjective Culture | Characteristic way of perceiving its social environment (Categories and assc, beliefs, attitudes, norms, roles, tasks, values, value orientation |
| Categories | analyzing the categories that people use |
| Categories have associations | emic associations |
| Beliefs | link among categories |
| Attitudes | ideas charged with affect (emotion) predisposing action |
| Norms | ideas about behavior expected of members of a group |
| Roles | Ideas about the correct behavior of people who hold a position in a social group |
| Tasks | sequence of behaviors |
| Values | conceptions of the desirable state of affairs |
| Value orientation | more abstract set of values |
| Emic | -culture specific concepts -Insider approach ex: used when describing cultures -focuses on a single culture -within the system -anthropology |
| Etic | -universal or culture general concepts -outsider ex: used when comparing cultures -looks at several cultures -outside the system |
| Ethnocentrism | tendency to judge other people and cultures by the standards of one's own culture & to believe that the behaviors, customs, norms, & other characteristics of one's own group are natural, valid, and correct while others are unnatural, invalid, & incorrect |
| Ethnorelativism | The experience of one's own belief and behaviors are just one organization of reality among many viable possibilities |
| 6 Stages of development of intercultural sensitivity | -Denial -defense -minimization -acceptance -adaptation -integration |
| Denial | Ignorance is accepted |
| Defense | able to perceive cultural differences, different=wrong |
| Minimization | everyone is the same...as me |
| Acceptance | people know their own cultural identity and accept others cultural identities |
| Adaptation | intercultural empathy |
| Integration | Identity is fluid, not necessarily better than adaptation |
| Cultural Craziness | -Culture is implicated in the expression and experience of psych pathology |
| Psychological Disorder | a rare impairment |
| Cultural Bounde-syndromes | syndromes that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors, and hence occur far less frequently, or are manifested highly divergent ways, in other cultures Ex: eating disorders, voodoo death, hikkimori, amok, susto |
| Universal syndromes | Depression social anxiety disorder suicide schizophrenia |
| Cultural limitations of psychotherapy | -psychotherapy is inescapably bound to a particular cultural framework -there can be non value-free psychotherapy -barriers to seeking treatment |
| Four social functions of humor | -Meaning making -Hierarchy building -cohesion building -tension relief |
| Meaning Making | mechanisms for defining reality |
| Hierarchy Building | a compatible but more narrow version of meaning-making functions of humor is the proposal that joking creates status differentiation ("serves to help structure local interaction hierarchies) |
| Cohesion Building | is used for interpersonal emotion management. -Used as an equalizer and harmonizer |
| Tension Relief | -Humor as a stress-reducing tool. -In task oriented groups it: helps accomplish group goals and maintain smooth relations |
| Humor in Advertisement | Humor is one of the most widely employed message techniques in modern advertising |
| Humor in counseling | humor helps gain pleasure despite painful effects which disturb it, acts as a substitute |
| Hofestede 5 Dimensions in humor | -Individualism vs collectivism -Hierarchy -Aggression & Gender -Otherness & Truth -Long-term vs Short-term |
| Individualism vs collectivism | expect jokes as self-contained units should be more prevalent among individualistic societies. Collectivistic societies would tend to adopt more implicit and contextual forms of humor |
| Hierarchy | by definition, a joke is a fictious story that carries no relationship with the real world. Autocratic leaders fear the force of humor |
| Aggression & Gender | expect masculine societies to joke at the expense of women or of men in positions subordinate to women |
| Otherness & Truth | uncertainty avoidance most affects the context of jokes -one would expect jokes to be made about them unless socially taboo topics |
| Long-term vs. Short term | short term is about living for the day, long term is about planning the present for long-term goals |
| Jokes as ethnography | many jokes are told about national stereo-types & they enjoy great popularity (serve as reinforcement of stereo-types) -jokes carry culture. are a form of folk tales. |
| Il Tragic-comico | most appreciated humor in Italy it points out the absurdities and ironies in daily life. -Italian humor grounded in reality ex: poverty, old age, death, sickness, hunger, misery |
| Hofestede Personality big 5 | -Openness to experience -Conscientiousness - Extraversion -Agreeableness -Neuroticism |
| Openness to experience | inventive/ curious vs. consistent/cautious |
| Conscientiousness | efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless |
| Extraversion | outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved |
| Agreeableness | friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind |
| Neuroticism | sensitive/nervous vs secure/confident |
| Sociocultural approach | cognitive development as progressive increase of contexts experienced by child. forming a base of his/her representation of knowledge |
| Knowledge Era | Dramatic increase of the importance of literacy as an ingredient of economic and social participation |
| P.I.S.A | program for international student assessment. -every 3yrs accesses how much students have learned -measures: mathematical, scientific, reading literacy, and problem solving |
| Psychotherapy | biggest tool used by psychologists to improve the life of abnormal behavior disorders-whose lives are dysfunctional |
| Triandis-culture def | Is a shared pattern of beliefs, attitudes, norms, role perceptions, and values |
| 10 sets of values | -self-direction -stimulation -hedonism -achievement -power -security -conformity -tradition -benevolence -universalism |
| Self-direction | creativity, freedom, choosing own goals, curiosity |
| Stimulation | a varied life, an excited life, daring |
| Hedonism | pleasure, enjoying life |
| Achievement | ambitious, successful, capable |
| Power | authority, wealth, social recognition |
| Security | social order, clean, healthy, sense of belonging |
| Conformity | obedient, self-disciplined, politeness |
| Tradition | respect for tradition, humble, devout |
| Benevolence | helpful, loyal, forgiving |
| Universalism | broad minded, social justice, world of beauty |
| Value Orientation | -Innate human nature -Man nature -Modality of human activities |
| Innate human nature | which can be evil, neutral, a mixture of good and bad, or good, mutable or immutable |
| Man nature | can involve subjugation to, harmony with, or mastery over nature |
| Modality of human activities | emphasis on being (cherishing the experience) being-in, becoming, (changing, growing, self-actualization) |
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