LECOM Biostatistics Freeman
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| Seven Core Competencies | OPP, Pt Care, Medical Knowledge, Practice-Based Learning and improvement, Interpersonal and Communication Skills, Professionalism, Systems-based Practice
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| Quantitative | each value is a number that represents an amount or count *interval/ratio
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| Qualitative | each value is a word or code that represents a class or category *nominal/ordinal
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| Mean | sum of all observations divided by N (number of total observations)
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| This MCT is most sensitive to outliers | Mean
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| Median | middle value when observations (ordinal) are ranked in order
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| Use this MCT when data is skewed | Median
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| Mode | value most frequently observed
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| When can only the Mode be used | with nominal data
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| Find variance by | square individual deviation scores then average them
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| Standard Deviation in relation to the variance | Square root of the variance
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| The normal curve is | symmetrical and has mean=median=mode
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| Skewedness is named + or – based on | where the outlier is
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| Kurtosis describes the | peakness or flatness of a curve
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| Leptokurtic curve is | thin & peaked
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| Platykurtic curve is | flat and wide
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| Causality must be determined because | statistical correlation does not always mean causation
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| r=correlation coeff. Which ranges from | -1 to 1
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| Positive or negative reflects | slope of the line
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| The closer to 1 the coeff. Is the | more correlated the data is
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| R*2 (squared) shows | amount of variation in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable
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| Total number of cases of disease or injury in a population at a particular point in time or during a specific time period | prevalence
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| Measure of NEW cases in a population over a specific time period | incidence
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| Those who have the disease and tested positive divided by the total number of those who have the disease | sensitivity
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| The ability of a test to correctly identify those who do not have a disease | specificity
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| Probability that the person tests negative if they do not have the disease | specificity
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| Probability that a person will test positive if they have the disease | sensitivity
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| Likelihood that a positive test is predictive of having the disease | PPV
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| PPV = | True positives divided by sum of all positive tests
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| Likelihood that a negative test is predictive of being disease free | NPV
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| Likelihood Ratio of Positive test means | how much more likely is an infected Pt to test + than a disease free Pt
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| Likelihood Ratio of Positive test calculation | Sensitivity/(1-Specificity)
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| Likelihood Ratio of Negative test means | how much more likely is a disease free person to test – than an infected Pt
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| Likelihood Ratio of Negative test calculation | (1-sensitivity)/Specificity
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| CER | Control Event Rate
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| EER | Experimental Event Rate
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| AAR | Absolute Risk Reduction
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| RRR | Relative Risk Reduction
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| AAR = | EER-CER
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| RRR = | (EER-CER)/CER
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| Number Needed to treat means | number you have to treat to “save” one
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| NNT = | 1/AAR (negative value)
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| Number Needed to Harm means | number of patients you need to treat to have one with adverse effects
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| NNH for control and experiment = | 1/ AAR (positive value)
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| Hypothesis testing step 1/6 | State the question
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| Hypothesis testing step 2/6 | Formulate Null and Alternative hypothesis
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| Hypothesis testing step 3/6 | Establish a decision rule
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| Hypothesis testing step 4/6 | Do the research
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| Hypothesis testing step 5/6 | make a decision
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| Hypothesis testing step 6/6 | Interpret
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| Decision rule uses p which means | what probability of being wrong are we willing to tolerate
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| Decision rule using p=0.05 means | if p<0.05 reject the null hypothesis
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| Type I error (alpha) means | Determined the treatment works but it actually doesn’t
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| Type II error (beta) means | Determined the treatment didn’t work when it really does
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| Power refers to a test’s ability to | find a difference if one really exits
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| Power = | 1-beta
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| z-statistic can only be used with | a NORMAL CURVE ie ideal case
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| If 1/(EER-CER) > 0 than it is the Number Needed to | Harm
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| If 1/(EER-CER) <0 than it is the Number needed to | Treat
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