MC A&P final with sensory & endocrine
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| sclera | s: dense fibrous CT "white" part of eye
f: stabilizes shape of eye during movement by muscles
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| cornea | s: transparent area anterior surface of eye composed of dense matrix of multiple collagen fiber layers
f: permits passage of light & curvature aids focusing process
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| choroid | s: cascular layer covered by sclera
f: capillary network delivers 02 & nutrients to tissue within neural tunic
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| ciliary body | s: thickened region bulges into interior its ligaments extend to lens
f: supports the lens & controls its shape behind the pupil
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| iris | s: colored part contains blood vessels, pigament cells, & layers of smooth muscle fibers
f: changes the diameter of the pupil with muscle fibers
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| retina | outer pigmented layer contains photo-receptors
inner nervous tissue layer contains supporting cells & neurons that perform preliminary processing & integration of visual info
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| photoreceptors | rod: allows to see in dimly lit but can't discriminate color
cones: give color & sharper images required in intense light
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| optic disc | s: where the optic nerve comes in
why? no retina can attach to the spot
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| fovea centralis | site of sharpest vision where we want light to go
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| 3 chambers & area | place: between
anterior: cornea & iris
posterior: iris & lens
vitreous: behind lens
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| aqueous humor | location: anterior cavity
f: provides transportation for nutrient & waste, forms a fluid cushion, helps retain eye shape, stabilizes position of retinal
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| vitreous humor | location posterior cavity
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| glaucoma | build up of fluid in the eyes because no blood can flow->no O2->effects retina->eventually lose photoreceptors
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| lens | held behind the iris by suspensory ligaments
composed of lens fibers surrounded by a capsule
focuses light on the retina
bulges for near vision & no tension
flattens for distant & has tensiion
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| cataract | lens becomes clouded & can happen with general age
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| eyelids | levator palpebrae superioris & orbiculari oculi
tarsal glands
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| conjunctiva | protect doesn't allow things to go back in eye
layers: palpebral (inner of eyelid) & bulbar
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| conjunctivitis | pink eye
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| lacrimal apparatus | glands: produces tears & enzyme lysozyme & antibodies for antibacterial
lacrimal papilla
punctum
lacrimal canal
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
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| extrinsic muscles | lateral rectus- laterally
medial rectus- medially
superior rectus- up & in
inferior rectus- down & in
superior oblique- down & out
inferior oblique- up & out
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| 5 processes required for focusing of light waves & stimulation of photoreceptors | 1. light waves in
2. refraction through media
3. accomodation of lens
4. constriction of pupil regulate light into vitreous
5. convergence of eyeballs=acuity
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| transmission of light waves | cornea -> aqueous humor -> lens -> vitreous humor
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| refraction | bending of light waves occurs when light passes @ an angle of one density to another
light focuses on the retina upside down & reversed L to R brain fixes
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| structures in refraction & why | cornea- major bender
fluids very little effect
lens- adjust the shape of your lens to sharpen images by getting them to cross @ fovea ciliary body & smooth muscle adjusters
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| lenses | convex- converge light waves
concave- diverge light adjust it
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| myopia | "nearsighted" crosses too far away from retina b/c bend too soon could be lens
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| hyperopia | "farsighted" light waves don't bend very much & don't cross b4 fovea
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| accomodation | automatic adjustment of the curvature of the lens by contraction of the ciliary muscles to focus light waves on retina
occurs when objects are viewed closer than 20 ft
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| how lens bulges | ciliary muscles contract & suspensory ligaments are loosened & lens bulges for accomodation
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| presbyopia | accomodation disorder lens loses elasticity & near images focus behind retina old age "nearsight"
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| constriction of pupil | radial- contract bigger/dilate
circular- contract smaller/constrict
triggered by light intensity & near vision
pathways:
~ parasympathetic of circular
~ sympathetic to radial dilate pupil
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| convergence of the eyeballs | eyes rotate medially when viewing close objects with medial rectus
light waves entering each eye will focus on the same part of retina
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| amblyopia | lazy eye
deviation of one eye
no concurrent convergence
2 images perceived by visual cortex
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| retinal pigaments composed by | Vitamin A:orange & red veggies
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| stimulation of photo receptors | photon of light reaches rod pigaments absorbs the light -> retinal & opsin separate from each other -> retinal is converted to original shape with use of ATP -> retinal & opsin comes back together nothing can happen in cell while doing this
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| achromatopsia | color blindness missing certain pigments in cones
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| nyctalopia | night blindness something wrong with the rods usually caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin A which can permanently damage
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| pathway of vision to brain | photoreceptors -> neurons of retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasma -> optic tract -> thalmus -> primary visual cortex occipital lobe
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| binocular vision & depth perception | field of vision overlaps
when only one eye functions properly depth perception is lost
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| blindness | from same eye
so left field = left eye blind
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| auricle is composed of | elastic cartilage
skin
helix
lobe
tragus
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| external auditory canal | where ceruminous glands are
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| tympanic membrane | double layer epithelium that can repair self
sensory innervation by cranial nerves
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| middle ear | air-filled chamber=tympanic cavity
seperated from outer by eardrum inner by round & oval windows
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| eustachian tube | that adjust pressure to equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
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| ossicles | malleus, incus, & stapes
transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to oval window
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| muscles in ear | tensor tympani attaches to malleus
stapedius attaches to stapes
involved in reflexes to prevent damage to membranes & receptors
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| inner ear | acts like bicycle tire
bony labyrinth contains fluid known as perilymph outer tube
membranous labyrinth contains endolymph inner tube
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, organ of corti
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| vestibule | bony contains round & oval windows
membranous 1. utricle top & saccule little 2. macula contains hair cells which sense gravity & linear movement & change in position of head
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| otoliths | rocks in ear that moves with gravity on top of gel of cilia from macula static
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| semicircular canals | membranous- semicircular ducts
ampulla- swellings where ducts connect with utricle
crista ampullaris contains hair cells which sense dynamic rapid turns embedded in flat gel called the capula
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| cochlea | chambers: scala vestibuli- upper & continuous with vestibule & scala tympani- lower ends at round window both contain perilymph
cochlear duct - middle with endolymph roof: vestibular membrane & floor: basilar membrane
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| organ of corti | in coclear duct along basilar membrane
where mechanical impulses converted to nerve impulse
sensory cells are hair cells 16,000 embeded on tectorial membrane
functional unit of hearing
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| otitis media | middle ear infection usually bacterial some viral
tubes put in the membrane to drain fluid
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| conduction deafness | conduction pathway usually b.w tympanic membrane to the oval window sometimes even the fluids or b4 the membrane are effected
causes: earwax, infection of middle ear, stuff in ear
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| sensory deafness | something wrong with the receptors cells, craniall nerve VIII temporal lobe anything starting at the receptors to where the perception occurs
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| tinnitus | "ringing in your ears" irritated cells by over stimulation like driving in car for long time
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| smell | location: roof of nasal cavity
receptors: chemoreceptors-smell dissolves & can note smell & stimulated by chemicals dissovled in fluids (breathe in gas_
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| olfactory organs | found in the roof of the nasal cavity
composed of olfactory receptor cells (bipolar neurons with cilia) surrounded by supporting epithelial cells
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| olfactory pathway | olfactory receptor cells -> through the holes in the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb -> olfactory tracts -> medial temporal lobe
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| lesions in olfactory | hallucination usually bad smell
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