Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
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| Emotion components | •feelings •the physiological responses •actions |
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| Emotion - definition | A reaction to a stimulus (behavior) involving appraisal of the situation (cognition), bodily arousal (physiology), facial expression (communication), and feelings (subjective experience). |
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| Emotion Classifications | •Joy/Sadness •Acceptance/Disgust •Anger/Fear •Expectation/Surprise |
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| James-Lang Theory of Emotion | Stimulus > Perception/interpretation > specific pattern of autonomic arousal > Particular emotion experienced *specific emotion determined by autonomic arousal pattern |
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| Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion | Stimulus > perception interpretation > 1.general autonomic arousal 2. particular emotion experienced > simultaneous bodily response and emotional experience. *central integration of emotional experiences and bodily processes. |
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| Schater's Cognitive Theory | Stimulus > perception/interpretation > 1. stimulus>general autonomic arousal 2. context>particular emotion experienced | *autonomic responses contribute to the intensity of emotion experienced
*emotion experience will affect future interpretations of stimuli and continuing autonomic arousal
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| Schaler and Singer Experiment | A = Angry confederate, H = Happy confederate Result: Not warned group reported emotion, emotion reported reflected confederates expressed emotion |
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| Hemispheric Specialization | •Left Hemisphere: Verbal processing, Positive emotion, Approach motivation •Right Hemisphere: Spatial processing, Negative emotion, Withdrawal motivation |
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| Emotion and Cognition:Hemispheric Specialization Research | Result: People that scored higher on approach emotion trait scale did better on the verbal task after approach state induction. People that scored higher on withdrawal emotion trait scale did better on the spatial task after withdrawal state induction. | •Left Hemisphere –Approach -Verbal
•Right Hemisphere –Withdrawal –Spatial
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| Paul Ekman’s Seven Basic Emotions | Anger, Sadness, Happiness, Fear, Disgust, Surprise, Contempt |
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| Paralinguistic Theory | 1.Elicitors (expectations, situations, etc) 2. Facial Affect Program 3. Mediated by culture specific Display Rules 4. End Product |
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| Facial Muscles and Branches of the Facial Nerves | *Upper face (bilateral) *Lower face(unilateral) *Two cranial nerves: -Facial (superficial) -Trigeminal (jaw muscles) |
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| Polygraph | measures autonomic responses -respiratory rate, sweating of fingertips, blood pressure/heart rate |
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| Autonomic Responses | •Multiple autonomic responses: Respiration, Blood pressure, Galvanic skin response •Individual response: stereotypy–“fingerprint," Present at infancy, Stable over lifespan, Disease susceptibility |
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| Hormones and Emotion | •Corticosteroids(adrenal cortex) •Epinephrine (adrenal medulla) •Norepinephrine(locus coeruleus, reward) •Dopamine (SN and VTA, reward) •Serotonin(aggression) •Androgens (aggression) |
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| Symptoms of Removal of Neocortex | •Decorticate rage •not directed at particular targets •poorly coordinated responses |
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| Symptoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome | •Lesions of anterior temporal lobes including the amygdala –tameness, lack of fear –hyperorality –hypersexuality –may appear in Alzheimer’s |
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| Reward locations | Locus Coeruleus Cerebellar Nuclei Substantia Nigra Ventral Tegmentum |
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| Aggression | •Affective aggression: for show –Offensive aggression also known as social or instrumental aggression -used to obtain something –Defensive aggression •Predatory aggression: actually a form of feeding behavior. | •Maternal Aggression -very violent and easily provoked in some species
*MH stimulation: Affective aggression
*LH stimulation: Predatory aggression
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| Neurotransmitters and Aggression | SEROTONIN: correlates negatively with aggression. (Monkeys with low serotonin will have violent, moody outbursts; the leader will only fight when necessary.) | *Serotoninis directly related to an organism’s happiness level (the lower the serotonin level, the less happy.)
*Serotonin receptor knockout mice are more anxious and aggressive than wild type mice.
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| Stress | The Stress Response: Avoidance behavior, Increased vigilance and arousal, Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS, Release of cortisol from the adrenal glands | Stress and Mood
–Diathesis stress hypothesis of mood disorders. HPA axis is the site where genetic and environmentas disorders converge
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| Stress and Health | * Social stress * Stress affects the stomach * Emotions and stress influence the immune system * Bidirectionalcommunication * Psychological stress and immunity * Stress and emotions may influence cancer * Emotions and stress influence cardiac dis | .
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