human muscles
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| what is the function of the muscular system | body movement maintenance of posture respiration production of body heat communication and constriction of organs and vessels
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| Skeletal Muscle | constitutes 40% of body weight are attached to the skeletal system
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| Striated Muscle | tranverse bands can be seen in muscle under microscopes
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| Contractility | ability for muscles to retract with force
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| Excitability | muscles responding to stimuli usually by nerves
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| Extensibility | muscles can be stretched
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| Elasticity | when muscles recoil to their original resting length after being stretched
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| structual parts | epimysium fascia muscle fasciculi perimysium muscle cells endomysium sarcoplasm myofibril actin myofilaments troponin tropomyosin myofilaments myosin sarcomeres Z disk I band A band H zone M line sarcolemma tranverse T tubes Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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| Membrane potential | the charge difference from the outside and inside of the cell membranes
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| Motor Neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Muscular junction or Synapse | a junction between a neuron and a muscle fiber or effector cell
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| Presynaptic Terminal | the enlarged axon terminal
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| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber
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| Postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber membrane that contains many vesicles
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| Acetycholinesterase | the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, in the synaptic cleft
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| Acetycholine | ACH, functions as a neurotransmitter, inhabits a postsynaptic cell
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| Neurotransmitter | a molecule released by a presynaptic cell that stimulates or inhibits a postsynaptic cell
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| Sliding Filament Mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| Cross-Bridges | when the actin myofilament binds to the heads of myosin myofilaments
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| Rigor Mortis | when a person dies and the ATP is not available, so the cross bridges arent released, causing muscles to stiffen
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| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes action potentials
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| Threshold | level when the stimulus strength is strong enough to produce an action potential
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| All or None response | when a muscle fiber contracts maximally
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| contraction phase | the time when the muscle is actually contracting
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| Relaxation phase | when the muscles relax
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| tetanus | when muscle remains contracted between stimuli without relaxing
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| Recruitment | the increase in the number of motor units being activated
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| Creatine phosphate | high energy molecule that is used rapidly to maintain adequate ATP in contracting muscles
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| Anaerobic Respiration | occurs in the absence of oxygen and results in breaking down of glucose to get ATP and lactic acid
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| Aerobic Respiration | requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to get ATP water and carbon dioxide
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| Muscle Fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster then it can be removed
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| Physiological Contraction | when muscles can't contract or relax because of extreme muscle fatigue
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| Psychological Fatigue | most common type of fatigue, involves central nervous system, but person perceives that they cant contract muscle any more
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| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body over long periods of time
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| slow and fast twitch fibers | differences in rod portion of myosin myofilament, slow twitch fibers have type 1 myosin and fast have either type IIa or IIx myosin
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| Myoglobin | supplies richer blood, it stores oxygen temporarily and releases oxygen even when the blood flow is interrupted
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| Smooth Muscle | small and spindle shaped, usually one nucleus per cell, organized to form layers and have gap junctions found in hollow organs and glands and is involuntary
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| Cardiac Muscle | long straited and branching found in heart and single central intercalated disks, involuntary
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| Tendon | it is what connects muscle to bone,
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| Origin | AKA the head, most stationary end of the muscle
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| Insertion | the end of muscle that is attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
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| Antagonist | a muscle working in opposition to another muscle
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| Synergists | muscles that work together to cause movement
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| Prime Mover | the one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
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| Fixator | are muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved
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