Clin Path
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| What is the predominant WBC in cattle, sheep and goats? | Lymphocytes
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| Def: Luekocytosis | Increase in WBC's
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| What is the only cell not capable of phagocytosis? | Lympocyte
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| Cellular immunity is in the? | Tissue:T-cells
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| Humoral immunity is in the? | fluid:Blood/plasma B-cells
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| What is the only cell in the body that recirculates? | Lymphocytes
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| How long can Lymphocytes live? | Days to entire lifespan of the host
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| Lymphocytes use what to travel from tissue to the blood? | Lymph
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| What signs will animals show of Lymphocytosis? | None
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| Abnormal proliferation in any one WBC: | Leukemia
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| What percent of lymphocytes are in blood circulation? | 2-3%
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| Splenic contractions cause Lymphocytosis through what processes? | Epinephrine: Fight or flght
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| Steriods cause lymphopenia by___ lymphocytes | Lysing
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| Will Lymphopenia cause clinical signs? | Yes, likely of which ever Dz is present
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| What are the 2 types of steroids in the body? | Endogenous: produce by the body
Exdogenous: administered
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| Plasma cells are _____ cells that make antibodies | B cells
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| Immunosupressive syndromes such as FIV and CIV can cause _______ | Lymphopenia
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| A decrease in all cells is: | Cytopenia
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| decrease production of lymphocytes: | Lymphopenia
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| Lrg lymphocytes are ___ microns and small are ___ microns in diameter | *9-11 *7-9
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| Atypical lymphocytes are abnormal and are usually seen with _____ and _____ | infection or neoplasia
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| Reactive lymphocytes are seen during periods of _____ and are ____ in diameter | *antigenic stimulation *15-20 microns
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| Maturation process of B-cells | PPSC ~ Lymphoid stem cell ~ Pre B-cells ~ B-lympoblasts ~ B-prolymphocytes
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| Maturation of T-cells | PPSC ~ Lymphoid stem cell ~ Pre Lymphocytes(thymocytes) ~T-lymphoblast ~T prolymphocytes ~ T lymphocyte
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| ___% of lymphocytes seen on a blood smear are T-lymphocytes | 70%
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| ____ % of lymphocytes seen in circulatinf blood are B-lymphocytes | 30%
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| Natural killer cells stay in the ________ to mature | Bone marrow
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| What are the types of Lymphocytes? | T-cells ~ B-cells ~ Natural killer cells
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| ___ are the Troop cells and are stored in the lymphnodes and ____ pulp of the spleen | *T-cells *white pulp
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| ____ are the "Boss" cells | B-cells
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| T-cells mature in the _______ | Thymus
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| B-cells mature in the ______ | Intestines or bone marrow
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| ____ cells are stored in the spleen and Lymphoid tissue | B-cells
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| What cells produce antibodies to protect the body? | B-cells
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| B-cells are associated with ____ immunity | Humoral/ specific immunity
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| What cells are primarily found in the tissue | Natural killer cells
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| Natural killer cells are associated with ____ line of defense | 2nd/non-specific immunity
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| Natural killer cells require no stimulation and kill by ___ contact with a chemical called____ | *Direct contact *Perforins
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| Memory cells are __ or__ cells that clone of the original lymocyte | T or B cells
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| What type of cells remain in the lymphoid tissue in case of second exposure to a pathogen? | Memory cells
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| ___ cells respond quicker and stronger to pathogens causing ___ clinical signs | *memory *no
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| 3 components of Lymphoid tissue | *Bone marrow *Central lymphoid organs *Peripheral lymphoid organs
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| What is the difference in Lymph and plasma? | Lymph comes from plasma, but contains less lrg proteins and more sugar, H20 and electrolytes
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| What causes Edema? | Anterior BP is to high and causes fluid to be pushed from vessels on arteriole side of capillary beds
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| The Lymph nodes have ducts that contain ____ that engulf "junk" to present to the ____ to Lymphocytes to chemically destroy | *Macrophage *Lymphocytes
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| What is the flow of the Lymphatic system? | Tissue ~ Lymphatic ducts ~ Lymph nodes ~Thorasic duct ~ Vena Cava ~ blood circulation
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| Functions of Lymph: | *Removal of excess tissue fluid *Waste material Transport *Filtration *Protein transport
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| ____ is a milky fluid w/fat droplets known as digestive lymph that contains ____ | *Chyle *Chylomicron
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| T-lymphocytes are activated by: | Macrophage
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| ____ lymphocytes are found in cortex of the lymph nodes and ___ are found in the medulla | *colonie lymphocytes *Macrophage
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| The spreading of cancer: | Metastasis
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| What oragan is on the L side of the body that contains red and white pulp? | Spleen
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| The spleen contains both ____ and ____ functions | *Hematologic *Lymphatic functions
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| Red pulp of the spleen contains: | Macrophage,RBC's, Plt, and sinuses( blood is stored here)
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| What is the only Spp that does not have a muscular spleen? | Ruminants
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| What are the primary causes for Splenectomies? | Trauma and tumors
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| What are the functions of the spleen? | *Blood storage *Removal foreign material(by macrophage) *Lymphocyte cloning
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| The Thymus is located in the _____ and is most prevalent in ___animals | *mediastinum *young
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| What produces T-cells and kick starts immunity? | Thymus
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| Tonsils are located: | *Pharyngeal *laryngeal *intestines *prepuce *vaginal
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| Define GALT | Gut associated lymphoid tissue
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| The GALT is the ___ Equivalent and is ___% of intestinal mucosa | *Bursa *25%
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| Where is the GALT located? | Ileum
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| What type of cells mature in the GALT? | B-cells
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| What is the Immune systems function: | Differentiate self from not self
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| Any foreign substance that cause immune response: | Antigen
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| Ability of an antigen to cause a Dz: | Pathogenicity
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| Degree of pathogenicity(dz) of an antigen: | Virulence
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| Conditions/Dz's caused by Over reactive immune system: | Auto immune Dz's and allergies
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| Conitions/Dz caused by Under reactive immune system: | FIV, CIV,HIV
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| Lines of defense: | 1st: skin/mm/tears
*2nd: Phagocytosis/inflammation
*3rd: Lymphocytes/ humoral-cellular immunity
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| What are the 2 types of immunity? | Non specific and specific
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| Non specific Immunity: | Inate/natural immunity - 1-2nd lines of defense
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| Specific Immunity: | involves lymphocytes /3rd line Def
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| What are components of 1st line defense? | Physical: hair, skin,mm
Chemical: mucus, saliva, normalflora
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| what are the 5 components of the 2nd line of defense? | *phagocytosis *NK cells *Interferons *Complements *Inflammatory response
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| Def Inflammation: | The bodies natural response to insult or injury
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| What arethe 5 signs of Inflammation? | Redness, edema, pain, heat, decreased function
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| Step one of Inflammatory proc: | Vasoconstriction: to prevent hemorrhage ~ mast cells degranulate
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| Step 2 of inflammatory proc: | Vasodialation: a result of histamine =REDNESS ~local hyperemia provides RBC's for 02/healing WBC's defense, plt's for clotting
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| step 3 of Inflammatory process: | fluid from plasma pours into tissue=EDEMA ~histamine causes increased capillary Clot formation: permeability , provides antibodies, enzymes, clotting factors =pain/decreased function
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| Step 5 Inflammation process: | Neutrophil macrophage: Clean up tissue debris causing pyrogens= fever/heat to promote interferon activity
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| Step 6 Inflammation process: | Return to normal: Increase blood flow dilutes/disperses Histamine and Heparin ~ vasodialation/capillary permability return to normal
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| What are the 3 R's of Specific immunity? | *Recognize *Respond *Remember
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| Cell mediated/Humoral immunity are what line of defense? | 3rd
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| Help T-cells and suppressor T-cells secrete ____ | Cytokines
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| Suppressor T-cells ____ helper and killer T cells ans stop ____ cells from becoming plasma cells | *Inhibit *B-cells
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| What is the cluster of differentiation for Cytotoxic T-cells | CD8
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| What is the cluster of differentiation for Helper T-cells? | CD4
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| What is the cluster of differentiation for Suppressor T-cells? | Ts
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| T-cells develop into ______ cells and destroy via _____ | *Sensitized T-cells *Perforins
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| After B-cells clone that undergo _____ that secrete antibodies. this takes ___ day | *Blast transformation *3-6 days
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| Antibodies have ___ binding sites | 4-10
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| Antibodies are also called _____ | Immunoglobulins
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| What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulins? | *IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD
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| IgG: | (G)reatest # antibodies in the blood, 75-80% - 1st exposure, C.S. will appear -newborns produce
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| IgA: | (Achoo!)Fluids, secretions
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| IgM: | Produced during second exposure - production fast -No C.S.
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| IgE: | (E)osinaphils attracted - assoc w/allergies/mast cells
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| IgD: | IDK Unknown purpose
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| All antibodies are found on ___ cells and are made of____ | *B-cells *amino acids
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