Vocab
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| Frontal Plane | Vertical from left to right - divides into front and back (Coronal Plane)
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| Transverse Plane | Horizontal cut - top and bottom
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| Sagittal Plane | Vertical from front to back - divides body into right and left
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| Longitudinal Section | lengthwise slice along the long axis of a structure
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| Cross Section | slice perpendicular to the long axis of a structure
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| deep | further below from surface
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| superficial | nearer to the surface
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| medial | towards the midline - to the middle
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| lateral | away from midline - to the side
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| distal | farthest (away from beginning of structure)
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| proximal | closer or nearest
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| posterior (dorsal) | to the back
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| anterior (ventral) | to the belly side of body
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| Cephalic (superior) | above
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| Caudal (inferior) | below
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| prone | on stomach
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| supine | on the back
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| Popliteal | creased area behind the knee
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| palmar | palm of hand
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| plantar | sole of the foot
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| trunk | torso, excluding head and extremities
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| umbilical | region around the navel
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| Antecubital | in front of the elbow
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| axillary | underarm area
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| viscera | body's internal organs
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| Dorsal cavity | (back) cranial and spinal cavities
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| Ventral cavity | (front) Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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| cranial cavity | inside skull; contains brain
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| meninges | membrane sac that protects spinal cord and brain
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| spinal cavity | formed by canal thru vertebrae; contains spinal cord
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| thoracic cavitiy | enclosed by ribs and separated from abdominopelvic cavity by diaphragm; contains lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, aorta, and thymus; subdivided into one central and 2 side regions
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| mediastinum | central region of thoracic cavity; contains heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, thymus; heart is encased in the pericardial sac
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| plural cavities | side regions of thoracic cavity; each contains a lung
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| pleura | sac protecting lungs
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| abdominopelvic cavity | subdivided into abdominal and pelvic regions
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| peritoneum | membrane covering that protects the abdominopelvic cavity
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| abdominal cavity | stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, colon & intestine portions
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| pelvic cavity | bladder, ureters, uretha, portions of colon & intestine. Also male and female parts
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| Right Upper Quadrant | Lg pt of liver; R kidney; colon; sm pt of pancreas; gallbladder; sm intestines
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| Left Upper Quadrant | Sm pt of liver; spleen; L kidney; stomach; colon; lg pt of pancreas; sm intestines
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| Right Lower Quadrant | colon; sm intestines; R ureter; appendix; R ovary & fallopian tube; R vas deferens & seminal vesicle
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| Left Lower Quadrant | L ureter; colon; intestine; sigmoid colon, L ovary & fallopian tube; : vas deferens & seminal vesicle
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| bone graft | uses piece of bone to replace lost bone or fuse two bones together
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| bone scan | use of radioactive dye to visualize bones; stress fractures, bone cancer
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure on tendons and nerves in wrist
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| closed fracture | broken bone with no skin wound; simple fracture
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| comminuted fracture | bone shatters into many small segments
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| compound fracture | broken bone with open skin wound; open fracture
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| compression fracture | bone break causing loss of height of vertebral body; may result from trauma or osteoporosis in elderly
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| contacture | abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle
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| creatine kinase | muscle enzyme in skeletal and cardiac muscle; assoc w heart attach, muscular dystrophy, etc
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| deep tendon reflexes | involuntary muscle contraction in response to reflex hammer
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| dislocation | bones in join displaced from normal alignment; ends of bone no longer in contact
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| fibromyalgia | chronic aching and pain in muscles
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| fixation | procedure to stablize fractured bone while it heals; external includes casts, splints, pins thru skin; internal includes pins, plates, rods, screws, etc put in during open reduction
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| fracture | broken bone
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| greenstick fracture | common in kids, incomplete break
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| herniated nucleus pulposus | protrusion of intervertebral disk between 2 vertebra - herniated or ruptured disk
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| impacted fracture | one bone fragment pushed into another
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| kyphosis | abnormal outward curve or thoracic spine; humpback
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| lordosis | abnormal curve in cervical and lumbar spine; swayback
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| muscle atrophy | loss of muscle bulk; muscle wasting
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| muscular dystrophy | group of inherited diseases involving progressive muscle atrophy
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| non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory
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| oblique fracture | fracture line runs along angle to shaft of bone
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| orthosis | brace or splint to correct or prevent deformities
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| osteoarthritis | arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion
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| osteogenic sarcoma | most common bone cancer (osteocytes)
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| pathologic fracture | not caused by trauma; break from diseased or weakened bone
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| prostesis | artificial device for body part
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| radiography | diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays; visualizing bones and joints
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| reduction | realigning bone; closed bones are externally moved; open bones are manipulated thru surgical incision
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| rheumatiod arthritis | autoimmune disease; swelling, stiffness, pain, denigration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation
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| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curve of spine
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| spasm | sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
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| spina bifida | birth defect when vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord
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| spiral fracture | fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; twisting injury, slow to heal
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| sprain | ligament injury
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| strain | muscle or tendon injury
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| stress fracture | slight bone break caused by repetitive low impact forces
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| total hip, shoulder or knee arthroplasty | surgical reconstruction of hip, shoulder or knee
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| transverse fracture | break with line straight across shaft of bone
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| Aneurysm | stroke- widening of artery due to weakness in arterial wall
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| angina pectoris | severe chest pain
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| arrhythmia | irregular heart beat
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| auscultation | listening to sounds within body
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| blood pressure | measurement of pressure exerted by blood against walls of blood vessel
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| bradycardia | abnormally slow HR (below 60 bpm)
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| cardiac arrest | complete stoppage of all heart activity; both electrical signals and muscle contractions
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| cardiac catherization | passage of tube thru veins into heart
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| cardiac enzymes | proteins release by heart muscle when damaged
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| cardiopulmonary resuscitation | external compressions to rib cage in order to maintain blood floor and air movement in lungs
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| congenital septal defect | birth defect in wall separating the two chambers of the heart
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| coronary artery bypass graft | vein grafted to re route blood around occluded artery in heart
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| congestive heart failure | heart weakens and starts to fail - muscle can not pump blood forcefully enough
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| coronary artery disease | chronic heart disease caused by arteriosclerosis of coronary arteries
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| deep vein thrombosis | blood clots in deep veins
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| defibrillation | using defibrillator to shock heart to converting arrhythmia back to regular heart beat
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| dopplar ultrasonography | ultrasound used to create moving image for visualizing blood flow & heart function
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| electricaradiography | records electrical activity of the heart
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| endarterectomy | removal of inner lining of artery to remove plaque (roto rooter)
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| fibrillation | abnormal quivering of heart fibers
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| heart murmur | abnormal heart sound
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| heart valve prolapse | flaps of heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allows backwards flow of blood
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| heart valve stenosis | flaps of heart valve are too stiff and can't open fully or shut tightly; blood can flow backwards
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| hotler monitor | portable ECG monitor worn to assess heart throughout the day
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| hypertension | high BP (above 140/90)
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| hypo tension | low BP
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| implantable cardioverter defibrillator | electrical device implanted in chest cavity; applies shock to stop arrhythmia's
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| infarct | area of tissue death caused by ischemia
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| myocardial infarction | heart attack; infarct of heart muscle caused of occlusion of one or more coronary arteries
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| myocardial ischemia | loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue due to occlusion of coronary artery
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| occlusion | blockage of blood vessel or other hollow structure
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| pacemaker | electrical device that artificially stimulates contraction of heart muscle; treats bradycardia
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| sphygmomanometer | inst for measuring blood pressure
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| stent | stainless steel tube placed in blood vessel to widen
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| stress test | evaluates cardio fitness; ekg and oxygen levels taken while pt exercises; can also be chemically induced
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| tachycardia | fast HR (over 100 bpm)
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| transesophegeal echocardiography | pt swallows ultrasound head to better visualize internal cardiac structures
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| varicose veins | swollen veins usually in legs
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| venipuncture | puncture to withdraw blood or inject meds in veins
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| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) | late stage of HIV; cells of immune system lose their ability to fight off infection
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| allergy | hypersensitivity to common environmental substance, to food, or to medication
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| anaphylactic shock | severe allergic reaction
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| antihistamine | med that blocks effects of histamine released by body during allergic reactions
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| autoimmune disease | body's immune sys attacks its own cells as if they were pathogens
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| corticosteroids | meds to treat autoimmune disease due to strong anti inflammatory
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| elephantiasis | blockage of lymphatic vessels that causes extreme tissue edema
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| hives | wheals during allergic reaction
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| hodgkin disease | cancer of lymphatic cells found in lymph nodes
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| immunodeficiency | immune system that is unable to respond properly to pathogens
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| immunosuppressant | med to block actions of immune syst; used to prevent rejection of transplanted organ
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| inflammation | tissue response to injury; redness, pain, swelling, etc
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| mononucleosis (mono0 | acute viral infection of lymphoid tissues with abnormal amt white blood cells
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| opportunistic infection | infections in pt with compromised immune systems
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| vaccination | exposure to weakened pathogen to simulate immune response
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| arterial blood gasses | lab test for levels of oxygen and co2 present in blood
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| asphyxia | lack of oxygen (suffocation)
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| aspirate | inhaling foreign object or fluid into airways
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| asthma | bronchospasm, excessive mucous, inflammation, airway constriction, etc
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| atelectasis | lung tissue collapes preventing exchange of ox and co2
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| bronchogenic carcinoma | malignant lunch tumor that originates in bronchi
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary diasease | progressive, chronic condition where air flow to lungs is decreased , severe dyspnea
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| cystic fibrosis | genetic condtion that causes pt to produce very thick mucus; results in severe congestion of lungs
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| emphysema | pulmonary cond resulting from destruction of alveolar walls leading to overinflated alveoli
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| hyperventilation | breathe too quickly (tachypnea) & too deeply (hyperpnea)
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| hypoventilation | breathe too slowly (bradypnea) & too shallowly (hypopnea)
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| hypoxis | insufficient oxygen in body
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| influenze | acute viral infection of the airways
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| phlegm | thick mucus secreted through mouth (sputnum)
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| pleurisy | inflammation of pleura
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| pneumonia | acute inflammatory condition of the lung
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| pneumothorax | collapse of lung bc of air or gas in pleural cavity
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| postural drainage | drainage of secretions from bronchi by placing pt in specific postions
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| pulmonary edema | lung tissue retains excessive fluid
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| pulmonary embolism | blood clot or air bubble in pulm artery or one of its branches
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| purulent | containing pus
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| rales | abnormal crackling sound caused by mucus or fluid in airways
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| respiratory rate | number of breaths per minute
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| sudden infant death syndrome | unexpected and unexplained death of well infant
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| alzheimer disease | chronic brain condition; progressive
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord
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| anticonvulsant | medication to reduce excitability of neurons
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| brain tumor | intracranial mass, can grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue
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| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hrs
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| cerebral palsy | non-progressive brain damage resulting from defect in fetal development or lack of oxygen
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| cerebrovascular accident | development of brain infarct due to loss in blood supply to brain; stroke
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| coma | profound unconsciousness
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| concussion | brain shaken inside of skull due to impact; symptoms last less than 24 hrs
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| dementia | progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with ADL's
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| epilepsy | seizures and loss of consciousness as result of uncontrolled neuron electrical activity
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| hydrocephalus | buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within brain (children0
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| lumbar puncture | puncture to withdraw fluid for examination or injection of medication
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| migraine | severe head pain, sensitivity
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| multiple sclerosis | inflammatory autoimmune disease or CNS; myelin around neurons damaged
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| paralysis | temp or perm loss of muscle function and movement
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| Parkinson disease | chronic disorder of nervous sys with tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity
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| seizure | sudden uncontrollable onset of symptoms
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| shingles | painful blisters along nerve path
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| spina bifida | congenital defect in walls of spinal canal where vertebrae do not close
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| spinal cord injury | damage to spinal cord as result of injury
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| subdural hematoma | mass of blood underneath dura mater
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| syncope | fainting
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| transient ischemic attack | can lead to stroke - temp reduction of blood supply to brain
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