Vocab from Chpt 1 of Holt Modern Biology: The Study of Life
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| Biology | The study of life
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| Organization | A high degree of order within an organism's internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world
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| Cell | The smallest unit that can perform all of life's processes
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| Unicellular | Organisms that are made up of one cell
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| Multicellular | Organisms that are made up of multiple cells
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| Organs | Structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system
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| Tissues | Groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow an organ to function
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| Organelles | Tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive
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| Biological molecules | Chemical components that provide physical structure and that bring about movement
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| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing
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| Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment
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| Cell division | The formation of two new cells from an existing cell
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| Development | The process by which an organism becomes a mature adult
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| Reproduction | The process by which organisms produce new organisms like themselves
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| Gene | A short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism
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| Domains | Three major subdivisions of living organisms
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| Kingdoms | A system of grouping that divides life into six major categories
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| Ecology | The branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other and with the environment
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| Ecosystems | Communities of living species and their physical environment
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| Evolution | Descent with modification or the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop
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| Natural selection | A theory that states that organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits
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| Adaptations | Traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
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| Scientific method | An organized approach of asking questions and performing experiments in order to learn how the natural world works
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| Observation | The act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question
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| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions
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| Prediction | A statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true
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| Experiment | Used to test a hypothesis and its predictions
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| Control group | A group which provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group
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| Experimental group | A group that is identical to the control group except for one factor, the independent variable
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| Independent variable | The variable being manipulated or changed
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| Dependent variable | The variable that is affected by the independent variable, also known as the "responding variable"
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| Theory | A set of related hypotheses that are confirmed to be true many times and explains a great deal of data
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| Peer review | A process where scientists who are experts in a field anonymously review and critique a research paper
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| Compound light microscope | A microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image
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| Eyepiece (ocular lens) | The part of the microscope that magnifies an image, usually 10 times
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| Objective lens | A lens which enlarges the image of the specimen, located directly above the specimen
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| Stage | A platform that supports a slide holding the specimen
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| Light source | A light bulb that provides light for viewing the image
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| Magnification | The increase of an object's apparent size
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| Nosepiece | The structure that holds the set of objective lenses
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| Resolution | The power to show details clearly in an image
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| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | An electron microscope that passes a beam of electrons over a specimen's surface. This provides a detailed image of the specimen's surface that may be magnified up to 100,000 times
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| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | An electron microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen. This results in an image of the specimen's internal structures and can magnify up to 200,000 times.
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| Metric system | A single, standard system used by scientists; it is a decimal system and based on powers of 10
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| Base units | Units that describe length, mass, time, and other quantities
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