Psych Exam III: text
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| lethality | the probability that a person will choose to end his or her life
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| psychological autopsy | systematic examination of existing information for the purpose of understanding and explaining a person's behavior before his or her death
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| suicidal ideation | thoughts about suicide
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| suicide | the intentional, direct and conscious taking of one's own life
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| cyclothymic disorder | chronic and relatively continual mood disorder in which the person is never symptom-free for more than two months--less common than dysthymia
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| learned helplessness | acquired belief that one is helpless and unable to affect the outcomes in one's life
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| schemas | cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret information
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| Harry Harlow | infant monkeys would rather cling to a terrycloth mother than eat or sleep
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| dysthymic disorder | depressed mood which is chronic and relatively continual and does not meet the criteria for major depression
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| major depressive disorder | major depressive episode whose symptoms include a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure, weight loss or gain, sleep difficulties, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death
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| depressive disorders | disorders that include major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder with no history of a manic episode; also called unipolar depression
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| mania | characteristic of bipolar disorder, consisting of elevated mood, expansiveness, or irritability, often resulting in hyperactivity
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| bipolar disorder | a mood disorder in which depression is accompanied by mania
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| unipolar depression | a mood disorder in which only depression occurs and that is characterized by intense sadness, feelings of futility and worthlessness, and withdrawal from others
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| mood disorder | disturbance in emotions that causes subjective discomfort, hinders a person's ability to function, or both
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| rape trauma syndrome | two-phase syndrome that rape victims may experience, including such emotional reactions as psychological distress, phobic reactions, and sexual dysfunction
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| rape | a form of sexual aggression that refers to sexual activity performed against a person's will through the use of force, argument, pressure, alcohol or drugs, or authority
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| masochism | a paraphilia in which sexual urges, fantasies or acts are associated with being humiliated, bound, or made to suffer
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| sadism | form of paraphilia in which sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or acts are associated with inflicting physical or psychological suffering on others
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| incest | a form of pedophilia; can also be sexual relations between people too closely related to legally marry
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| pedophilia | disorder in which an adult obtains erotic gratification through urges, acts, or fantasies involving sexual contact with a prepubescent child
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| frotteurism | characterized by recurrent and intense sexual urges, acts, or fantasies of touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person
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| voyeurism | urges, acts, or fantasies involving observation of an unsuspecting disrobing or engaging in sexual activity
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| exhibitionism | characterized by urges, acts, or fantasies about the exposure of one's genitals to strangers
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| transvestic fetishism | intense sexual arousal obtained through cross-dressing
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| fetishism | sexual attraction and fantasies involving inanimate objects such as panties or feet
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| paraphilias | sexual disorders of at least six months' duration in which the person has either acted on or is severely distressed by recurrent urges or fantasies involving nonhuman objects, non-consenting persons, or suffering/humiliation
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| gender identity disorder/transsexualism | disorder characterized by conflict between a person's anatomical sex and his or her gender identity, or self-identification as male or female
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| vaginismus | involuntary spasm of the outer third of the vaginal wall, preventing or interfering with sexual intercourse
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| dyspareunia | recurrent or persistent pain in the genitals before, during, or after intercourse
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| premature ejaculation | ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, during, or shortly after penetration
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| male orgasmic disorder | persistent delay or inability to achieve an orgasm after the excitement phase has been reached and sexual activity has been adequate in focus, intensity, and duration--usually restricted to inability to ejaculate within the vagina
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| female orgasmic disorder | sexual dysfunction in which the woman experiences persistent delay or inability to achieve an orgasm with stimulation that is adequate in focus, intensity, and duration after entering the excitement phase
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| orgasmic disorder | an inability to achieve orgasm after entering the excitement phase and receiving adequate sexual stimulation
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| female sexual arousal disorder | inability to attain or maintain physiological response and/or psychological arousal during sexual activity
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| male erectile disorder | inability to attain or maintain an rection sufficient for intercourse and/or psychological arousal during sexual activity
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| sexual arousal disorder | characterized by problems occurring during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle and relating to difficulties with feelings of sexual pleasure or with the physiological changes associated with sexual excitement
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| sexual desire disorders | dysfunction related to the appetitive phase of the sexual response cycle and is characterized by a lack of desire
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| sexual dysfunction | disruption of any part of the normal sexual response cycle that affects sexual desire, arousal, and response
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| four phases of sexual response | appetitive (desire), arousal (stimulation occurs), orgasm, resolution (relaxation)
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| compulsive sexual behavior | term used to describe individuals who seem to crave constant sex at the expense of relationships, work productivity, and daily activities
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| sexual addiction | refers to a person's desire and need to engage in constant and frequent sexual behavior
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| reinforcing abstinence/contingency management | treatment technique in which the individual is given behavioral reinforcements for abstinence from substance use
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| skills training | teaching skills for resisting peer pressures or temptations, resolving emotional conflicts or problems, or for more effective communication
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| covert sensitization | aversion conditioning technique in which the individual imagines a noxious stimulus occurring in the presence of a behavior
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| aversion therapy | conditioning procedure in which the response to a stimulus is decreased by pairing the stimulus with an aversive stimulus
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| detoxification | alcohol or drug treatment phase characterized by removal of the abusive substance; after that removal, the user is immediately or eventually prevented from consuming the substance
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| risk factors | variables related to, or etiologically significant in, the development of a disorder
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| marijuana | the mildest and most commonly used hallucinogen
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| hallucinogens | substances that produce hallucinations, vivid sensory awareness, heightened alertness, or perceptions of increased insight; use does not typically lead to physical dependence although psychological dependence may occur
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| cocaine | substance extracted rom the coca plant; induces feelings of euphoria and self-confidence in the user
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| amphetamines | drugs that speed up CNS activity and produce increased alertness, energy, and sometimes feelings of euphoria and confidence; also known as "uppers"
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| stimulants | substances that are CNS energizers, including elation, grandiosity, hyperactivity, agitation, and appetite suppression
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| polysubstance dependence | substance dependence in which dependency is not based on the use of any single substance but on the repeated use of three or more substances for a period of twelve months; does not include nicotine or caffeine
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| barbiturates | substances that are powerful depressants of the CNS, commonly used to induce relaxation and sleep, and capable of inducing physiological and physical dependency; also called "downers"
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| narcotics | drugs such as opium and its derivatives--morphine, heroine, and codeine--that depress the CNS; act as sedatives to provide relief from pain, anxiety and tension; addictive
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| high potential for dependency | narcotics, barbiturates, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine/crack
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| moderate potential for dependency | alcohol, barbiturates, marijuana, PCP
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| low potential for dependency | benzodiazepines, caffeine, LSD
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| alcoholics | persons who abuse alcohol and are dependent on it
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| alcoholism | substance-related disorder characterized by abuse of or dependency on alcohol
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| depressants/sedatives | substances that cause generalized depression of CNS and slowing down of responses
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| withdrawal | condition characterized by distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning or by physical/emotional symptoms including shaking, irritability, and inability to concentrate after reducing or ceasing intake of substance
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| tolerance | condition in which increased doses of a substance are necessary to achieve desired effect
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| substance dependence | maladaptive pattern of use extending over a twelve-month period and characterized by unsuccessful efforts to control use despite knowledge of harmful effects, taking more of substance than intended, tolerance, and/or withdrawal
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| substance abuse | maladaptive pattern of recurrent use that extends over a period of twelve months, leads to notable impairment or distress, and continues despite social/occupational/psychological/physical problems
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| substance-related disorders | ailments arising from the use of psychoactive substances that affect the CNS, causing significant social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems, and that sometimes result in abuse or dependence
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