Nervous System
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| loss of ability to recognize familiar objects and persons | agnosia
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| localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel | aneurysm
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| abnormal neurological condition in which the language function is defective or absent because of an injury to certain areas of the cerebral cortex | aphasia
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| inability to perform purposeful acts or to use objects properly | apraxia
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| abnormal condition characterized by impaired ability to coordinate movement | ataxia
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| slowing down the initiation or execution of movement | bradykinesia
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| double vision | diplopia
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| difficult, poorly articulated speech that results from interference in control of the muscles of speech | dysarthria
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| weak soft, flabby muscles lacking normal muscle tone | flaccid
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| generalized impairment of intellect, awareness, and judgement | global cognitive dysfunction
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| defective vision or blindness in half the visual field | hemianopia
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| paralysis of one side of the body | hemiplegia
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| neurologic condition characterized by increased reflex action | hyperreflexia
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| involuntary rhythmic movements of the eye | nystagmus
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| lesser degree of movement defecit than paralysis | paresis
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| rest period after a seizure | postictal period
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| sensation of spatial position and muscular activity stimuli | proprioception
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| involuntary sudden movement or muscular contraction | spastic
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| perceptually unaware of one side of the body | unilateral neglect
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| loss of brain weight and neurons; altered sleep/wakefulness ratio; decreased ability to regulate body temperature | physiological effects of aging
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| decrease in the velocity of nerve impulses; decreased blood supply to the spinal cord resulting in decreased reflexes | physiological effects of aging
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| decrease in brain metabolism and oxygen utilization, diminished sense of touch and ability for fine motor coordination | physiological effects of aging
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| affected short term memory, increased risk of stroke, dementia, organic brain syndrome, alzheimers | physiological effects of aging
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| headaches, clumsiness, changes in vision, seizures (or worsening if history of seizures), pain, numbness, personality changes, mood swings, fatigue | subjective data on neuro exam
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| orientation (person, place, time, purpose), mood, behavior, general knowledge (president), short and long term memory, attention span, ability to concentrate | mental status data on neuro exam
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| responsiveness to auditory, visual, and tactile stimuli | arousal
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| reflected in orientation to person, place, and time | awarenesss
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| alert, disorientation, stupor, semicomatose, comatose | levels of consciousness
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| often the first signs of increased ICP | lethargy and disorientation
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| gait, coordintion, weakness/strength, reflexes, posture, involuntary movements, paralysis, paresis | motor function on neuro exam
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| identification of common odors tests this cranial nerve | CN I (olfactory)
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| visual acuity and visual fields are tests of this cranial nerve | CN II (optic)
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| pupillary responses and ability to move eyes in a coordinated manner in all directions are tests of these cranial nerves | CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN VI (abducens)
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| jaw strength, facial sensation, and corneal reflex are asssesments of this cranial nerve | CN V (trigeminal)
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| taste and symmetrical facial movements are tests of this cranial nerve | CN VII (facial)
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| hearing is a function of this cranial nerve | CN VIII (acoustic)
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| taste is a test of this cranial nerve | CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
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| gag reflex is a test of this cranial nerve | CN X (vagus)
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| shoulder and neck movement are tests of this cranial nerve | CN XI (spinal accessory)
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| tongue movement is a test of this cranial nerve | CN XII (hypoglossal)
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| pain, touch, temperature, proprioception, unilateral neglect, hemianopia | sensory and perceptual status on neuro exam
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| most important preprocedure nursing intervention for CT with contrast | check allergies
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| before this diagnostic test a patient should remove all metal clothing/jewelry and be questioned about metal in the body | MRI
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| why should a patient lie flat and still for several hours after lumbar puncture? | to avoid headache
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| used to check for deformities of the spinal cord/meninges, headache nausea and vomiting are common afterward | myelogram
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| important to warn patient about this before injecting intravenous dye | hot, flushing feeling
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| cephalalagia | aching of the head
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| true or false: skull and brain tissues contain sensory nerves and are capable of perceiving pain | false
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| three types of vascular headaches | migraine, cluster, hypertensive
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| three causes of tension headaches | psychological, medical, stress
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| three causes of traction-inflammatory headaches | occlusive vascular structures, infection, temporal arthritis
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| unique characteristic of migraines | preceded by prodromal symptroms (aura, parasthesias, etc)
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| common migraine triggers | stress, carbohydrates, iodine, alcohol, MSG/chemical additives, fatigue, caffeine
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| usual length of a cluster headache | 30 min to 2 hours
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| usual location of pain in cluster headach | behind on eye
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| most common type of headache | tension
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| common causes of tension headaches | emotional stress, eyestrain, maintaining a fixed position
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| common headache triggers | tyramine, nitrates, glutamates, vinegar, chocolate, yogurt, alcohol, pork, fermented or marinated foods, cured meat
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| opioid agonist used for headaches | propoxyphene (darvon)
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| classes of medications used as vascular headache suppressants | ergot derivatives, serotonin receptor agonists, beta-blockers
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| these vascular headache suppressants are contraindicated in pregnancy | ergot derivatives
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| produce vasoconstriction by acting as serotonin agonists | selective serotonin receptor agonists (imitrex, zomig)
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| lesions involving perhiperal cutaneous nerves, sensory nerve roots, the thalamus, or central pain tract would result in what type of pain | neurological
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| pain thqat is unbearable and does not respond to treatment | intractable
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| non surgical methods for neurological pain control | TENS, acupuncture, medications, counseling
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| nerve excision | neurectomy
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| cut of a spinal nerve root | rhizotomy
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| cutting a nerve in the spinal cord | cordotomy
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| destruction of a nerve bundle by means of an electric current | percutaneous cordotomy
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| diet appropriate for those with neurological pain | high fiber
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| causes of increased ICp | space occupying lesions, trauma, CSF excess, cerebral edema
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| increased ICP leads to reduced cerebral blood flow leads to vasodilation leads to edema... which leads to: | more increasing ICP
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| signs of brain stem involvement in increased ICP | alteration in respirations, cushing's response, alteration in temperature, loss of brain stem reflexes, papilledema, projectile vomiting, hiccups
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| osmotic diuretic used in treatment if increased ICP | mannitol
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| common degenerative neurological disease of unknown cause, more common in temperate climates characterized by exacerbations and remissions | multiple sclerosis
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| true or false: multiple sclerosis may be genetic | true
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| these cells are found in CSF when the first signs of multiple sclerosis appear but gradually disappear | gamma/delta T cells
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| assessment findings in a patient with MS | nustagmus, muscle weakness/spasms, coordination changes, spastic/ataxic gait, behavior changes, urinary incontinence, difficulty swallowing, intention tremors
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| used at the start of a multiple sclerosis exacerbation, these seem to cause the episode to resolve more rapidly | ACTH, and corticosteriods
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| muscle relaxants sometimes useful in treating spasticity associated with MS | diazepam, dantrolene, baclofen
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| syndrome that is characterized by bradykinesia, increased muscle tone, rigidity, and tremor related to loss of dopamine producing cells | parkinson's disease
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| assessment finding in parkinson's disease | tremor (pill rolling), bradykinesia, rigidity, drooling, constipation, oily skin, scaly red skin
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| what is the cure for parkinson's? | there is not one, treatment is supportive; may eventually get results from human fetal dopamine cell transplant
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| degenerative disorer that affects the cells of the brain and causes impaired intellectual functioning; related to elevated homocysteine levels | alzheimer's disease
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| what is the treatment for alzheimers | prevention by diet to decrease homocysteine may be helpful but there is no cure
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| this stage of alzheimers is characterized by mild memory lapses, difficulty in finding correct word, decreased attention span, and disinterest in surroundings | stage I
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| this stage of alzheimer's is characterized by obvious memory lapses, disorientation to time, loss of personal belongings, confabulation, and getting lost in familiar environments | stage II
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| this stage of alzheimers is characterized by total disorientation, motor problems, inability to perform basic daily activities, and wandering | stage III
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| this stage of alzheimer's is characterized by severe physical and mental deterioration and incontinence | stage IV
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| cholinesterase inhibitors that are used in early stages of alzheimers | donepezil (aricept) galantamine (reminy) rivastigmine (exelon) tacrine (cognex)
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| only drug approved to treat sever alzheimer's | memantine (namenda)
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| neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe weakness of one or more groups of skeletal muscles; may be autoimmune in nature | myasthenia gravis
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| this disease is thought to be caused by antibodies that attach the acetylcholine receptor sites at the neuromuscular junction | myasthenia gravis
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| diagnosed by having the patient look upward for 2 to 3 minutes and observing for ability to keep eyes open | myasthenia gravis
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| degenerative disorder that is commonly treated with thymectomy | myasthenia gravis
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| what is the antidote for pyridostigmine bromide? | atropine
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| what are signs and symptoms of cholinergic overdose | increased secretions, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea
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| also known as Lou Gehrig's disease | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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| characterized by degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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| symptoms of amytrophic lateral sclerosis | weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, muscle wasting, fasciculations
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| the terminal phase of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results in death due to this | respiratory paralysis/failure/infection
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| only medication used in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | riluzole (rilutek)
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| genetically transmitted disease; affects 50% of the offspring of affected persons | huntington's
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| believed to be caused by overactivity of the dopamine pathway; symptoms are opposite of parkinson's | huntington's
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| signs ans symptoms of huntington's | abnormal, excessive involuntary movements
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| medication classes used in the treatment of huntington's | antipsychotics, antidepressants, antichoreas
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| conditions that predispose a person to seizures | fever, electrolyte imbalance, uremia, brain tumor, drug/alcohol withdrawal, hypoxia, trauma/injury
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| most common type of seizures, characterized by a loss of consciousness for several minutes and tonic clonic movements and a postictal period | tonic clonic/grand mal
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| seizures characterized by sudden impairment in LOC with little or no tonic/clonic movement; no postictal period | absence/petit mal
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| seudyre similar to absence but lasting longer and associated with hallucinations/illusions and postictal period | psychomotor
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| this type of seizure occurs mostly in patients with structural brain disease; usually starts with localized muscle spasms | jacksonial (local or partial)
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| seizure characterized by a sudden involutary contraction of a muscle group with no aura and no LOC | myclonic
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| seizure characterized but unconsciousness and generalized tonelessness | akinetic
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| categories of anticonvulsants | barbiturates, benzodiazepines, hydantoins, valproates
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| barbiturates used in the managemnt of grand mal seizures | pentobarbital, phenobarbitol
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| benzodiazepines used in the management of petit mall, myoclonic, and akinetic seizures, and alcohol withdrawals | clonazepam, clorazepate
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| benzodiazepine used in the management of status epilepticus | diazepam
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| hydantoins used in the management of seizures | fosphenytoin, phenytoin (dilantin)
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| valproates used in the management of absence seizures | divalproex sodium (depakote), valproate sodium, valproic acid
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| a brief episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain | seizure
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| sudden, violent, involuntary series of contractions of a group of muscles that may be paroxysmal and apisodic | convulsion
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| a group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior, loss of consciousness, or all of these | epilepsy
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| a sensation, as in light or warmth, which may precede an attack of migrain or an epileptic seizure | aura
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| a medical emergency characterized by contiual seizures occurring without interruptions | status epilecticus
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| the rest period of variable length that followes a seizure | postictal period
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| caused by degeneration of or pressure on the fifth cranial nerve | trigeminal neuralgia
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| pain in trigeminal neuralgia usually extends only to this point | midline of the face
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| drugs used for trigeminal neuralgia pain | tegretol, dilantin, depakene, neurontin
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| injection of this into the trigeminal nerve sometimes provides relief of pain | absolute alcohol
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| thought to be an inflammatory process involving the facial nerve, maybe be related to herpes simplex virus | bell's palsy
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| characterized but abrupt onset of numbness or a feeling of stiffness or drawing sensation of the face | bell's palsy
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| usually started immediately following onset of bell's palsy | corticosteriods
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| can be used for treatment of bells palsy if herpes simplex is suspected to be the cause | acyclovir, valtrex, famvir
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| primary brain tumors | gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary tumors, neuromas
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| surgical opening through the skull where the bone is replaced following surgery | craniotomy
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| removal of part of the scull without replacing it | craniectomy
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| inflammation of the meninges | meningitis
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| this sign of meningitis involves flexion of the neck; if positive the hips and knees also flex | brudziski's sign
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| this sign of meningitis is an inability to extend the leg when the thigh is flexed | kernig's sign
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| extreme hyperextension of the neck and arching of the back associated with meningitis | opisthotonos
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| should you suction a patient with meningitis? | only if the MD specifically ordrs it
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| the onset of encephalitis is faster or slower than meningitis? | slower
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| signs and symptoms of encephalitis | headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea and vomiting, irritability, photophobia
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| most common and deadly cause of encephalitis | herpes simplex virus
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| characterized by widespread inflammation and demyelination of of the perhipheral nervous system resulting in numbness and paralysis progressing from lower extremeties upward | guillian-barre syndrome
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| autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack shwann cells resulting in a sudden onset of weakenss, numbeness, tingling, and eventually paralysis | guiillian-barre syndrome
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| true or false: guillian-barre is mostly self limiting, and usually resolves on its own. | true
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| pus or purulient material iin the brain | brain abcess
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| true or false: brain abcesses usually get better on their own | false, brain abcess is deadly if untreated
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| this type of skull fracture is an incomplete break, typically seen as a line on xray | linear
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| this type of skull fracture results from blunt trauma and causes an indentation | depressed
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| this type of skull fracture occurs when the bone is shattered into two or more fragments or pieces | comminuted
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| this type of fracture exists when an there is an open wound over the fracture site | compound
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| these head injuries bleed profusely, but are not usually reflective of significant injury | laceration
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| violent jarring or shaking that results in a disturbannce of brain function | concussion
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| damage to brain tissue and nerve fibers | contusion
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| caused by hemorrhage above the dura mater | epidural hematoma
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| caused by hemorrhage below the dura mater | subdural hematoma
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| bleeding into the brain tissue | intracerebral hematoma
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| signs of basilar skull fracture | battle signs, raccoon eyes
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| also called stroke or brain attack | cerebrovascular accident
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| most common ischemic stroke | thrombotic stroke
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| caused when an embolus travels upward into cerebral circulation and lodges in a vessel | embolic stroke
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| CVA that happens as a result of bleeding into brain | hemorrhagic stroke
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| localized dilation of the wall of a lood vessel usually caused by atherosclerosis or HTN | aneurysm
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| anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated in which type of stroke? | hemorrhagic
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| t-PA is given for how long after onset of thrombolytic stroke? | 24 hours
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| procedure used if stroke is caused by atherosclerosis of the carotid artery | carodtid endarterectomy
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| also called cervical shock | areflexia
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| flexion/extension injuries of the spine are seen most commonly with this MOI | whiplash
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| a flexion/rotation injury is caused by | twisting of the spinal cord
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| body takes on temperature of the environment | polkilothermia
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| signs and symptoms of spinal shock | vasodilation, decreased BP, bradycardia, decreased respirations, flaccis paralysis, warm dry skin, bowel and bladder distension, lack of perspiration below injury site
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| exaggerated sympathetic nervous system response occuring in patients with cord injuries at T6 and above | autonomic dysreflexia (hyperreflexia)
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| signs of autonomic dysreflexia | bradycardia, hypertension, headache, piloerection, blurredvision, pupil dilation, anxiety, nausea, nasal stuffiness
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| two most common causes of autonomic dysreflexia | full bladder, impacted feces
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| spinal injury at this point results in inability to breathe independently or move anything below the neck | C1-C3
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| spinal injury here allows some retained movement of the shoulders and can breathe independently with respiratory support but cannot use hands | C4-C5
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| an injury at this level results in incomplete quadriplegia with some elbow, arm and wrist movement; can't feel anything below midchest | C6-C8
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| injury at this level result in paralysis below the waist with control of the hands retained; stability of the trunk is still decreased | T1-T6
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| injury at this level results in paraplegia with control of hands, functional intercostals, and increased respiratory reserve | T7-T12
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| an injury at this level results in impaired ability to abduct hips and lack of sensation below lower abdomen | L1-L2
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| injury at this level results in impairment of knee and ankle movement and lack of sensation below upper thigh | L3-L5
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| injury in this area results in bowel and bladder dysfunction | S1-S5
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| defect in the curvature of the eyeball surface | astigmatism
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| opacity/clouding of the lens | cataract
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| inflammation of the conjunctiva | conjunctivitis
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| surgery to freeze the borders of a retinal hole with a frozen-tip probe | cryosurgery
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| disorder of the retinal blood vessels characterized by hemorrhage and microaneurisms, leading to total retinal detachment and blindness | diabetic retinopathy
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| removal of the eyeball | enucleation
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| protrusion of the eyeball | exopthalmos
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| elevated pressure in the eye | glaucoma
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| farsightedness | hyperopia
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| inflammation of the cornea | keratitis
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| implatation of a donor cornea | keratoplasty
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| substance that contracts the pupil | miotic
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| substance that dilates the pupil | mydriatic
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| nearsightedness | myopia
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| surgery that uses partial thickness, radial incisions in the cornea, leaving an uncut optical center | radial keratotomy
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| separation of the retina from the choroid | retinal detachment
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| decreasedtear secretion and increased tear evaporation with dry mouth | sjogren's syndrome
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| assessment of visual acuity | snellen's test
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| removal of the stapes from the inner ear and insertion of the graft and prosthesis | stapedectomy
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| inability of the eyes to focus in the same direction | strabismus
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| used to detect defect of the macular area of the retina | amsler's chart
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| equipment used to measure the degree of forward placement of the eye | exopthalmetry
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| used to examine the conjunctiva, lens, vitreous humor, iris, and cornea | slit lamp
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| uses a burst of air to test intraocular pressure | applantation tonometer
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| measures tear volume produced during a fixed time period | schmirmer tear test
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| to be legally blind, one's corrected vision must be equal to or worse than | 20/200
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| if visual field is reduced by 20 degrees, the person is considered to be | legally blind
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| elongation of the eyeball, refractory error focuses light in front of the retina | mypoia (nearsightedness)
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| refractory error where rays of light entering the eye are brough into focus behind the retina | hyperopia (farsightedness
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| acut infection of eyelid margins or sebaceous glands of the eyelashes | hordeolum (stye)
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| inflammation of the eyelid margins | blepharitis
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| inflammation of the cornea resulting from injury, irritants, allergies, viral infections, congenital syphilis, smallpox, or dirty contact lenses | keratitis
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| inward turning of the eyelid | endotropion
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| outward turning of the eyelid | ectropion
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| condition of aging retina characterized by slow loss of central and near vision, most common cause of vision loss in people over 60 | macular degeneration
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| abnormal condition of elevated pressure within the eye | glaucoma
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| progressive glaucoma that is caused by obstruction to drainage channels of aqueous humor | open angle glaucoma
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| glaucoma that is caused by abrupt angle change of the iris, causing rapid vision loss and dramatic symptoms | closed angle glaucoma
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| external auditory canal | pinna/auricle
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| a subjective noise sensation heard in one or both ears; ringing or tinkling sounds in the ear | tinnitus
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| the sensation that the outer world is revolving about oneself or that one is moving in space | vertigo
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| test is performed by placing the stem of a vibrating tuning fork in the center of the patient's forehead or on the maxillary incisors | weber's test
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| direct visualization of the external auditory canal and the eardrum | otoscopy
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| infection of the external ear and adjacent skin | otitis externa
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| fluid from an infection, allergy, or tumor that collects in the middle ear as a result of obstruction of the auditory tube | otitis media
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| an inflammation of the labyrinthine canals of the inner ear | labyrinthitis
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| a condition characterized by chronic progressive deafness caused by the formation of spongy bone, with resulting ankylosis of the stapes, causing tinnitus, and then deafness | otosclerosis
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| disturbance of the semicircular canals that results in tinnitus and unilateral deafness | menier's disease
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| removal ov the stapes of the middle ear and inserion of a graft and prosthesis | stapedectomy
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| any of several operative procedures on the eardrum or ossicles of the middle ear designede to restore or improve hearing in patients with conductive hearing loss | tympanoplasty
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| a surgical incision of the eardrum performed to relieve pressure and release purulent exudates from the middle ear | myringotomy
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| caused by any disease or injury that interferes with conduction of sound waves to the inner ear | conductive hearing loss
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| results from malfunction of the inner ear, vestibulocochlear nerve, or auditory center of the brain | sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)
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| combination of conductive and sensorineural pathology of hearing loss | mixed hearing loss
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| hearing loss that is present from birth or early infance | congenital hearing loss
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| hearing loss that has no organic or anatomical cause | functional hearing loss
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| hearing loss as a result of damage to auditory pathways in the brain | central hearing loss
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| this should be restricted from the diet in meniere's disease | sodium
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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