Important People and Events in Astronomy History
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| Egyptian Calendar is called this? | Sothis (Sirius) calendar, or Canicular calendar
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| During the time of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia, what kinds of ideas did they develop? | Ideas of constellations from myths and religions
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| What is Enuma Anu Enlil? | Ancient text written in cuneiform on 68-70 tablets
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| Who was Anu? | God of Heaven, Sky, and Constellations
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| Who was Enlil? | God of Wind
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| What were the New Babylonians two achievements? | They could predict planetary motion and executed excellent implementation of the sexagesimal system of numbers as 60 as the base
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| Where was Thales from and what did he do? | Turkey; predicted a solar eclipse in 585 BCE during a war between the Medians and Lydians. He refused to accept supernatural explanations for natural phenomena.
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| Who was Anaximander and what did he do? | He was the student of Thales; he was the first known to write down his studies and was the first to develop a mechanical model of the world.
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| What was the order of Greek Spheres? | Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
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| Who was Pythagoras and what did he do? | He was a mathematician responsible for the Pythagorean Theorem; had the knowledge of Earth being spherical
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| What did Anaxagoras do? | Brought philosophy to Athens; attempted to scientifically account for eclipses, meteors, and rainbows; was imprisoned for saying the Sun reflects off the Moon.
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| What did Oenopides do? | Measured the angle between the celestial equator and the ecliptic (angle of the Earth)
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| What did Democritus do? | He believed the Earth was round; proposed the concept of the atom
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| What did Meton do? | Known for discovering that 19 solar years are almost equal to 235 lunar months
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| Who was Plato and what did he do? | Founder of Academy in Athens; said that the visible world is just an appearance and that "ideas" are the real world
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| What did Eudoxus do? | Proposed that the Universe was geocentric and that the Earth was at the center; other objects centered on Earth, turning at different speeds
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| What did Aristotle do? | Said that the real world is observed phenomena, not ideas; everything in the sky moves in circles
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| Who was Heracleides and what did he do? | Philosopher and astronomer; proposed the Earth rotates once every 24 hours; attributed Mercury and Venus's motion to revolving around the Sun
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| Who was Aristarchus and what did he do? | Mathematician; proposed heliocentricism; developed system of measuring distances
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| Who was Eratosthenes and what did he do? | Poet, geographer, astronomer; measured circumference of the Earth; calculated tilt of earth's axis; invented leap day
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| Who was Apollonius and what did he do? | Geometer and astronomer; noted for conic sections; gave names to ellipse, parabola, hyperbola: orbital paths
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| Who was Hipparchus and what did he do? | Greatest ancient astronomical observer; invention of the astrolabe; developed trigonometry; discovered Earth's axis is precessing; compiled first star catalogue; developed method to predict solar eclipses
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| Ancient Greek Universe | Earth: center of universe; planets orbited Earth in perfect circles; all planets are perfect spheres; orbiting outward: Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Moon, Jupiter, Saturn
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| What did Ptolemy do? | Proposed model to better explain retrograde motion; wrote the Almagest: only ancient treatise in Astronomy; circle upon circle model: epicycle
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| Who was Copernicus and what did he do? | Astronomer, mathematician, cleric; heliocentric model; published Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres on his death bed
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| What did Tycho Brahe do? | Granted an observatory with large instruments; Tychonic System: hybrid model blending Copernican model with Ptolemaic Model (Moon and Sun revolve around Earth, and other planets revolve around Sun)
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| Who was Johannes Kepler and what did he do? | Mathematician, astronomer; Assistant to Tycho Brahe; Kepler took 20 years of planetary data, deriving 3 laws of Planetary Motion
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| Kepler's Laws of Motion | 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at a focus
2. A line joining a planet and Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals
3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major a
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| Who was Giordana Bruno and what did he do? | Philosopher, mathematician; "martyr of science"; believed in infinite universe and plurality of worlds
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| Who was Galileo and what did he do? | Physicist, astronomer, philosopher, math; improved invention of the telescope, 1st to look at sky with it; supported Copernican system; all objects fall at same rate
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| Who was Isaac Newton and what did he do? | Astronomer, physicist, alchemist, theologian; described 3 laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation; built reflecting telescope; shares credit for developing calculus
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| Benjamin Banneker | First black astronomer; predicted eclipse- sun partially covered: famous
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| Edward Charles Pickering | Hires women for tedious computer work; director of Harvard Observatory; famous women: Annie Cannon, Henrietta Leavitt, Antonia Maury, and Wilamina Fleming
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| Annie Cannon | catalogued 300,000 stars (OBAFGKM- temp of stars)
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| Henrietta Leavitt | Luminosity-distance relationships
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| Antonia Maury | Described spectral lines of stars
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| Wilamina Fleming | Discovered 79 stars, 10 novae, 59 nebulae, 94 Wolfrayet, 222 long-period variables
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| Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson | Created microwave telescope; discovered cosmic microwave background radiation
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| Arthur BC Walker | Sally Ride's advisor; developed normal incidence multilayer telescopes to photograph solar corona; leader of black physicists
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| Jocelyn Bell Burnell | Discovered 1st radio pulsar (highly magnetized rotation neutron star emitting beams of radiation)
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| Sultan Abdulaziz | 1st Muslim in Space
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| Abdul Ahad Momand | 1st Afghani in Space
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| Reva Kay Williams | 1st African American Woman Astrophysicist; research on black holes: Penrose Mechanism
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| Pope John Paul II | Oct 31st, 1992, apologized for Galileo's house arrest
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| Mike Brown | Discovered Eris and Dysmonia
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