Oncology Cabrera
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| Characterized by abnormal, unrelated cell proliferation; Invade normal tissue and compete with normal cells for oxygen, nutrients, and space; Neoplasms or tumors | Cancer
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| Abnormal cells that reproduce without the regulatory mechanisms that control growth | cancer
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| Abnormal tissue or tumors | neoplasms
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| suffix that indicates a tumor | "-oma"
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| cancer of originating from epithelial cells | carcinomas
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| cancers that originate in organs that fight infection | lymphomas
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| cancers that originate in organs that form blood | leukemias
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| cancers that originate in connective tissue (bone and muscle) | sarcomas
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| tumors that are relatively harmless unless location impairs function of vital organs; do not spread to other parts of the body; may cause problems if it puts pressure on or obstructs organs | benign tumors
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| Benign tumors grow __________________. They remain localized and ____________________. | slow and steadily; encapsulated
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| When palpated, benign tumors are: | smooth, easily defined and moveable
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| Benign tumors have less profuse blood _________. Cells resemble _________ tissue. When removed, benign tumors rarely _________ and are rarely fatal. | supply; original; reoccur
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| Malignant tumors are ____________ and capable of spreading. They grow __________ and unpredictably. | invasive; rapidly
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| Malignant tumors are rarely encapsulated. When palpated, they have ________ borders and are immovable. | irregular
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| Malignant tumors have a blood supply that is ___________ than normal. The cells of a malignant tumor are not _____________ to original tissue. | greater; similar
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| Malignant tumors destroy surrounding tissue by depriving it of ________________________. Recurrence is _____________ when removed. They are _______ when not treated. | oxygen, nutrients and space; common; fatal
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| Malignant tumors may have abnormal proteins (tumor markers) on the cell surface that identifies the cell as ______________. | malignant
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| Cancer is the leading cause of death in the US. The most prevalent cancer is ___________. | lung cancer
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| Chemical agents account for ______% of all cancers. | 75%
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| Environmental factors that can cause cancer: | diet, viruses, bacteria, defective genes, medical interventions
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| Major factor in cancer prevention and development: | immune system
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| 4 main tumor classifications: | carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoma
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| pg. 213, Table 18-2 |
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| when malignant cells migrate from the original site | metastasis
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| Most common sites of metastasis are: | liver, brain, bone and lungs
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| Cancer may metastasize to adjacent tissue via the: | lymphatic system or by diffusion in the body cavity
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| commonly removed from the site of the original tumor to be evaluated for cancerous cells | lymph nodes
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| area where malignant cells first form | primary site
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| where the cancer has metastasized or spread to (once the cancer has metastasized; cancer treatment is more difficult and less likely to be curative) | secondary site
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| process of malignant transformation and the 3 stages | carcinogenesis; initiation, promotion, and progression
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| involves carcinogens that alter genetic structure of DNA within cells | initiation
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| repeated exposure to carcinogens transforms genetic information to form mutant cells | promotion
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| malignant cells invade adjacent tissue and metastasize | progression
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| Tumors are classified by: | their anatomic site, stage, and cell appearance and differentiation (ow cells differ from the parent cell or tissue of origin)
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| cancers that arise from fibrous connective tissue | fibroma
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| cancers that arise from fat tissue | lipoma
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| cancers that arise from smooth muscle tissues | leiomyomas
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| cancers that are usually benign: | fibroma, lipoma, leiomyoma
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| cancers that are usually malignant: | carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, leukemia and lymphomas
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| Cancer that arises from epithelial cells (skin, glands, linings of digestive, urinary and respiratory tracts) | carcinoma
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| Cancer that arises from connective tissue (bone, muscle and other connective tissue) | sarcoma
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| cancer that arises from pigment cells of the skin | melanoma
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| cancer that arises from blood forming tissues, lymphoid tissue, plasma cells and bone marrow | leukemias and lymphomas
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| stage of cancer where malignant cells are confined to the tissue of origin | Stage I
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| stage of cancer where cancer has spread to local area (usually the lymph nodes) | Stage II
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| stage of cancer where the tumor is larger or spread to surrounding tissues or both | Stage III
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| stage of cancer where cancer has metastasized to distant body parts | Stage IV
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| Poorly-differentiated | less like parent tissue
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| well-differentiated | looks more like parent cell
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| Seven warning signs of cancer: | change in bowel habits or bladder function; sores that do not heal; unusual bleeding or discharge; thickening or lump in breast or other body parts; indigestion or difficulty swallowing; a recent change in a wart or ole; nagging cough or hoarseness
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| Cancer is the ___________ leading cause of death. | second
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| One-half of all men and __________ of all women will develop cancer during their lives. | one-third
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| risk factors of cancer: | heredity; familial
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| factors and agents that contribute to the development of cancers: | carcinogens
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| Chemical agents account for ______% of all cancers. | 75%
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| Exposure to _____________ are some carcinogens. | tobacco, asbestos, coal dust
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| environmental factors that can lead to cancer: | sunlight, radiation, pollution
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| Diets high in _____, salt smoked meats, alcohol, and __________ can increase the risk of cancer. | fat, nitrates
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| Diets high in fiber, carotene, and Vitamins __________ can reduce the risk of cancer. | A, C, E
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| Cells can change due to invasion of virus DNA and contribute to _________ cancer. | causing
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| Kaposi's sarcoma is usually cause from: | AIDS virus
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| Helicobacter pylori usually turns into: | GI cancers
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| medically prescribed interventions that can cause cancer | immunosuppressive drugs and hormone replacements
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| Prevention and early detection are key to cancer __________. | survival
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| Ways to prevent cancer: | avoid carcinogens; identify high risk people (to be screened sooner); healthy diet; intact immune system
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| Ways to screen for cancer: | self exams; regular doctor exams; know warning signs; early detection
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| tests for carcinomas of the testicals, pancreas and liver | alph-fetoprotein
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| levels are inreased with breast, pancreas, liver, kidney and colon cancer; may be elevated for no reason | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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| tests for prostate cancer, slightly elevated in benign prostate hyperplasia | prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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| test for metastatic breast cancer | CA 15-3
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| test for gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancer | CA 19-9
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| test for ovarian cancer | CA 125
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| x-ray that gives 3-dimensional view of tissue used to determine tumor density, size and location; used in detectng many types of cancer | CT
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| x-ray where tissues are observed for changes using radioactive isotope | nuclear imaging
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| x-ray study where magetic fields are used to differentiate diseasesd tissue from healthy tissue; used to study blood flow; visualizes tumors hidden by bone | MRI
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| x-ray test that shows cross-sectional view of tissue that looks at increased concentration of isotopes in malignant cells; differentiates between benign and malignant cells | PET
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| monoclonal antibodies labeled with isotopes are injected intravenously and accumulate at the tumor site which makes tumor able to be visualized | radioimmunoconjugates
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| uses high frequency sound waves; determines if tumor is solid or fluid filled | ultrasound
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| x-rays used to look at differences in the densities of body tissues; used for bone and gastric cancers | fluoroscopy
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| most accurate diagnosis of cancerous cells; tissue samples are excised from the body and are examined microscopically | biopsy
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| types of biopsies | needle biopsy, surgical excision, tissue samples of removed mass
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| immediate examination of the cells once tumor is removed; specimen is quickly frozen into thin sheets and observed | frozen section
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| flexible tubes with special fiber cameras to look at specific body areas | endoscopy
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| endoscopic procedure that looks at the stomach | gastroscopy
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| endoscopic procedure that looks at the lungs | bronchoscopy
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| endoscopic procedure that looks at the colon | colonoscopy
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| microscopic examination of cells; used to diagnose malignancies in cells; can be obtained by needle aspiration, scraping, brushig or sputum | cytology
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| when the tumor is confined and has not invaded surrounding tissues, surgery is the primary treatment; curative treatment | surgery
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| when entire tumor cannot be removed, as much as possible is removed | debulking
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| the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissues are removed | local excision
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| removes tumor, lymph nodes and any involved adjacent structures and adjacent structures and surrounding tissue that poses a risk for metastasis | wide or radical excision
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| surgery done with a local recurrence of cancer; more extensive than previous surgery | salvage surgery
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| surgery done when client is at high risk for developing cancer; usually done for breast or reproductive cancers | prophylactic surgery
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| surgery done to relieve uncomfortable symptoms or prolong life; not a cure | palliative surgery
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| high-energy ionizing radiation used to destroy cancer cells by disrupting cell function and division and alteration of DNA molecules; cell death occurs immediately or after; no more reproduction can occur | radiation therapy
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| Goal of radiation therapy: | to destroy malignant cells without permanently damaging healthy tissue
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| ____________ cells are more sensitive to radiation. | Malignant
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| causes cell death; usually have daily treatments over several weeks; will be marked with marker or tattoo (do not wash); do not apply any lotions to area | external radiation
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| internal radiation where radioactive source is implanted or placed on the _________ implanted inside the patient's body; poses a ___________ to others | tumor; threat
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| internal radiation that is inserted in the body in a sealed container directy into the tumor body; can be held in place with an applicator | sealed source
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| Precautions when using internal radiation therapy: | private room (preferably lead-lined); sign on door; no children or pregnant women; limit time in room; use lead aprons, monitoring devices; 30 minutes total per shift; monitor for accidental dislodged sources
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| Precautions for unsealed sources (could be liquid, oral, Iodine 131) | wear gloves; body fluids require special considerations because radiation is excreted through urine, saliva, sweat and feces); flush more than once; use separate eating utensils; wash clothes separately;drink plenty of fluids to flush system
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| side effects of radiation | bone marrow suppression/myelosuppression; anemia; leukopenia; thrombocytopenia; alopecia; anorexia, altered taste, mouth sores (stomatitis); dry mouth; erythema to area; harm to fetus, sterility, impotence
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| low blood count | anemia
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| low WBC count (normal is 5,000 - 10,000) | leukopenia
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| low platelet count; prone to bleeding; normal is 150,000 - 450,000 | thrombocytopenia
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| hair loss | alopecia
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| anorexia, altered taste, mouth sores | stomatitis
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| Chemotherapy has the _________ side effect as radiation. | same
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| uses antineoplastic agents to treat cancer cells; can be used to cure cancer, prevention of metastasis, slow growth of tumor, destroy tumor cells or relieve symptoms | chemotherapy
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| Chemotherapy must be given by ______ certified with ________________. | RN; chemo training
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| Chemo can be used to: | cure cancer, prevent metastasis, slow tumor growth, destroy tumor cells, relieve symptoms
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| Chemo agents can be _____________ or ____________. | cell cycle specific or cell cycle non-specific drugs
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| Chemotherapy can be given: | orally, IV, IM, intraperitoneally, intraarterially, intrapleurally, topically, intrathecally (in head), or directly into cavity
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| Chemo is ___________. | cytotoxic (toxic to cells)
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| chemotherapy drugs that interfere with the process of cell division | alkylating drugs and mitotic inhibitors
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| chemotherapy drugs that interfere with DNA and RNA | antineoplastic antibiotics and antimetabolites
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| chemotherapy drugs that are used in treating cancers that use hormones as growth factors | hormones
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| Chemo drugs may be used alone or: | in combinations
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| Chemotherapy cannot distinguish between: | healthy and cancerous cells
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| Side effects of chemotherapy: | N/V, alopecia, dry skin, myelosupression (supress what the bone makes - blood cells); side effects are same for chemo and radiation
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| Chemotherapy may also have toxic effects on: | lungs, heart, nerve tissue, kidneys and bladder
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| Vesicants cause tissue necrosis (extravasation)of surrounding _________________. | tissues and structures
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| Treatment of extravasation and nursing guidelines for patients receiving chemo on pg. 224 |
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| peripheral blood stem cell transplant; collected by apheresis | bone marrow transplantaton
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| process of separating blood into components for later reinfusion | apheresis
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| 3 types of apheresis | autologous (self); allogeneic (compatible donor); syngeneic (identical twin)
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| When apheresis has been done, watch vigorously for: | s/s of infection (many people die from this) because of lack of white blood cells (usually done for leukemia patients)
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| uses biologic response modifiers to stimulate the body's natural immune system to restrict and destroy cancer cells; manipulates the natural immune response by restoring, stimulating or augmenting the natural defenses | immunotherapy
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| Teach chemotherapy patients: | keep all appts; go to ER if fever of 100.4 or more; watch for bleeding; use electric razor; eat small, frequent meals; eat slowly; suck on hard candy; teach about wigs; take lid off tray before entering room; increase fluids to flush out chemo
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| Drugs that help with clotting: | platelets, Vitamin K
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| antigen injected into client in hopes to stimulate an immune response to destroy malignant cells | nonspecific immunotherapy
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| tumor cells are injected into mice to form antibodies; antibodies are removed from the spleen and cultured with more cancer cells to form more antibodies which are injected into a client to destroy tumor cells (after purification) | monoclonal antibody immunotherapy
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| immunotherapy - substances that immune system cells produce to enhance the immune system | interferons; interleukins; ematopoietic growth factors (colony stimulating factors); tumor necrosis factor
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| colony stimulating factors that are good at treating s/e of radiaion - can stimulate RBC growth or WBC growth without blood transfusions | hmatopoietic growth factors
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| type of immunotherapy - uses tems > 41.5C (106.7F) to destroy tumor cells; alters cell membrane permeability so that uptake of chemo and immunoterapeutic agents are increased; uses radio waves, ultrasound, microwaves, hot water baths | hyperthermia
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| Clients may experience local burns, tissue damage, electrolyte imbalances and neuropathies when being treated with: | hyperthermia
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| photoactive drug injected into client (porfimer/Photofrin); stored in high concentrations in malignant cells; laser light activates drugand destroys tumor; pt must stay protected from sunlight and bright indoor light for 30 days or sunburn can occur | photodynamic therapy
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| replaces altered genes with correct genes, inhibiting defective genes, and introducing substances that destroy genes or cancer cells | gene therapy
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| process that rids the body of cells that are not longer needed or defective in some way | apoptosis
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| Researchers think that tumor cells have an ______________ molecule that prevents their destrction from natural ways; are trying to find meds that block those molecules so cancer cells can die | anti-cell-death
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| number one cause of cancer cell death | lung cancer
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| Lung cancer has an increased number of diagnosis because of: | more accurate diagnosing; aging population; cigarette smoking; increased air pollution; exposure to industrial pollution
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| four major cells types involved with lung cancer: | epidermold or squamous cell; lart cell or undifferentiated; adenocarcinoma; small cell or oat cell
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| slow growing; arise from the bronchi and bronchioles leading to obstruction; metastasize to the thorax and small bowel; 25%-35% of all lung tumors | epidermold or squamous cell
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| arise in the peripheral bronchi; no well-defined growth patters; usually diagnosed as a bulky tumor mass; metastasize early to the CNS; 5% - 20% of all lung tumors | large cell or undifferentiated
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| arise from the mucus glands; patchy growth throughout lung fields; lead to malignant pleural effusion; 25%-35% of lung tumors | adenocarsinoma
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| most malignant form of lung cancer; arises from the bronchi; hypersecretes antiduiretic hormone; metastasizes to the mediastinum, liver, bone, bone marrow, CNS, adrenal glands, pancreas and other endocrine organs | small cell or oat cell (worst type)
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| symptoms do not appear until the disease is well established; long term suvival rate is low; s/s - nagging cough, bloody sputum, weight loss, SOBOE (shortness of breath on exertion) | small cell or oat cell
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| any malignant blood disorder in which the leukocytes (WBCs), usually in an immature form, proliferate unregulated; often accompanied by a decrease in erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets | leukemia
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| Four types of leukemia | acute lymphocytic leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; acute meylogenous leukemia; chronic myelogenous leukemia
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| onset is usually younger that 5, rarely over 15; increased lymphocytes, decrease RBCs and platelets | acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
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| onset is older than 40; most common type in adults; increased lymphocytes, normal or low RBCs and platelets | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
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| decrease in myeloid formed cells (monocytes, granulocytes, RBCs and platelets); occurs in all age ranges | acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
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| same as AML but greater number of normal cells; onset is older than 20, increasing incidence with age; genetic link | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
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| s/s of leukemia | fatigue from anemia; infections; bruising; spleen and lymph enlargement; bleeding in the nose, mouth and GI tract
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| treatment for leukemia | chemotherapy; bone marrow transplant; stem cell transplant
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| malignancy involving the plasma cells of B-lymphocyte cells in the bone marrow; prognosis is poor with estimated survival rate of 1-5 years | multiple myeloma
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| pathophysiology of multiple myeloma | abnormal plasma cells release osteoclast acivating factor; esteoclast breaks down bone cells; increases blood calcium; greatly increases risk of fractures; releases proteins that damage kidneys and reduce production of antibodies
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| treatment for multiple myeloma | steroids (can slow bone growth) and chemotherapy; bone marrow transplants; stem cell transplants; treatment does not cure, but prolongs life
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| cancer that affects the lymphatic system | lymphoma
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| two types of lymphomas: | Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkins
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| lymphoma - age of onset is 15-40 and then older than 55; has Reed-Sternberg cells; orderly growth; more curable | Hodgkins
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| lymphoma - thirty subtypes; peaks after 50; no Reed-Sternberg cells; B and T cell origins; metastasis is common; less curable | Non-Hodgkins
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| lymphomas are treated with: | radiation; chemotherapy; immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (tumor fighting antibodies); bone marrow transplant
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| named for cell type and area of the brain; account for a small percentage of cancer deaths; about 50% are malignant; benign tumors can be fatal because of increased ICP and damage to surrounding tissues | brain tumors
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| s/s of brain tumors are related to: | the area of the brain that is invaded by the tumor
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| most common type of brain tumor | glioma
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| most aggressive brain tumor | glioblastoma
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| treatment of brain cancer | surgical removal if possible; limited radiation; some chemotherapy
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| approximately 75% develop in the sigmoid colon and rectum; genetics; lifestyle and environmental factors contribute; many develop from benign adenomas | cancer of the GI tract
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| rarely begins in the liver; chemotherapy is the main treatmen, but is usually considered palliative treatment | cancer of the liver
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| fatal - usually less than a year; quickly spreads to duodenum, stomach, spleen and left adrenal gland | cancer of the pancreas
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| for cancer in the head of the pancreas, s/s include: | pain, jaundice, weight loss, N/V and diarrhea
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| for cancer in the tail of the pancreas, s/s include: | GI bleed or back pain
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| treatment for pancreatic cancer - | if cancer is in the head of the panreas, surgery may be an option; radiation and chmotherapy may prolong life
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| accounts for 3% of cancer; may reach considerable size before etection; s/s include anemia, weakness and weight loss; late s/s are gross hematuria (peeing blood) and flank pain | cancer of the kidney
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| treatment for cancer of the kidney | removal of the kidney (nephrectomy); not responsive to chemotherapy or radiation, however radiation may be used as a palliative measure
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| occurs most often in men, 50 to 70 years old; risk factors include cigarette smoking and exposure to rubber and cable chemicals; s/s include painless intermittent hematuria, bladder irritability and infections | cancer of the bladder
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| treatment of cancer of the bladder | partial or total cystectomy; may require urostomy; chemotherapy
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| abnormal osteoblast or myeloblast (marrow cells) that exhibit rapid and uncontrolled growth; usually located around the knee in the distal femur or proximal fibula; s/s/ include pathological break, limp, or abnormal gait | bone cancer
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| treatment for bone cancer | amputation, chemotherapy, radiation
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| endometrial cells that migrate out of the uterus and attach to toher organsi in the pelvic cavity; builds and bleeds like the tissue within the uterus, causing pain and local inflammation; considered benign unterine growth | endometriosis
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| complications of endometriosis | obstruction of organs in plevic area (bladder, bowels, urethra)
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| treatment of endometrisis | drugs that decrease endometrionic growth; laparoscopy; hysterectomy
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| after a hysterectomy, monitor for: | bleeding - main post-op complication
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| most prevalent form of cancer in women; in early stages, survival rate is greater than 90%; 80% of breast lumps are benign | breast cancer
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| types of breast cancer: | ductual carcinoma; lobular carcinoma; medullary carcinoma; mucinous carcinoma; tubular ductal carcinoma; inflammatory breast cancer
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| Breast cancer may be in any part of the breast, but 48% are locted in the _________________ and 17% are located in the ________________. | upper outer quadrant; nipple area
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| When palpating, breast cancer can feel like: | a painless mass, firm, irregular shaped, fixed to underlying structures
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| __________ women have the highest incidence of breast cancer, but ___________ women are most likely to die from breast cancer. | white; black
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| late s/s of breast cancer: | dimpling of skin, nipple discharge, retraction of nipple, edema, differences in nipple size, lymph nodes may be enlarged
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| routine screening for breast cancer: | physical exam every 3 years until 40, then yearly; base-line mammogram at 40; monthly self exams (after each period - if post menopausal, same day each month)
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| treatment for breast cancer: | lumpectomy; simple mastectomy (all breast tissue - no lymph nodes); radical mastectomy (all breast, axillary lymph nodes, pectoralis major - pg 852); removal of lymph nodes pg 852-853
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| after breast cancer surgery: | cancer is staged and determined whether or not it is estrogen receptor positive; radiation therapy; chemotherapy; reconstructive surgery may be done, using the pectoral muscle or abdomen muscles
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| If breast cancer is estrogen receptor positive, madication is given to suppress estrogen | Tamoxifin
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| after breast cancer surgery: | no needle sticks to affected side; no blood pressures to affected side; elevation of affected arm; no lifting with affected arm
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| metastasizes widely to the abdomen through the peritoneal fluid; incidence is low, mortality is high; vague or no symptoms until the cancer is well advanced; most s/s are attributed to the GI tract | ovarian cancer
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| treatment for ovarian cancer | if confine to ovaries, surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation
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| rare cancer; can be caused byHPV or genital herpies; s/s are pruritis and burning, white patches (vulvar) and vaginal bleeding (vaginal) | vulvar cancer and vanginal cancer
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| treatment of vulvar cancer and vanginal cancer | surgical removal; chemotherapy; radiation
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| most common in men older than 50; thrid most common cause of cancer deaths in men; grows slowly; high survival rate if detected early; cause is unknow but r/t diets high in fat | prostate cancer
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| s/s of prostate cancer | decreased urinary flow and difficulty starting stream (early sign); back pain; hematuria (blood in urine); hemospermia; erectile dysfunction
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| diagnosis of prostate cancer: | rectal exam; elevated PSA (prostate-specific antingen);biopsy; IVP (Intravenous Polygram to watch urinary flow) to detect urinary tract dysfunction
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| treatment of prostate cancer: | prostatectomy (TURP - Transurethral Resection of Prostate); bilateral orhiectomy; hormone therapy; radiation
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| rare cancer; occurs more often in uncircumcised men; treatment includes tumor excision, chemo, and radiation; advanced requres amputation of the penis, testes and scrotum | cancer of the penis
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| rapidly metastasizing malignancy; occurs between 18 and 40; involve sperm forming germ cells | cancer of the testes
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| s/s of cancer of the testes | gradual or sudden swelling of the scrotum; hard, non-tender lump felt on palpation; aching in testes; abdominal pain (late sign)
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| treatment of cancer of the testes | orchiectomy and ligation of the affected testicle (sperm can be frozen for later use); chemotherapy; radiation;
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| most common type of cancer in the US; increased exposure to UV radiation increases risk | cancer of the skin (although most people die from lung cancer)
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| 3 types of skin cancer: | basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; malignant melanoma
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| most common skin cancer; small, shiny gray or yellow plaque; slow growing, rarely metastasizes; commonly recurs | basal cell carcinoma
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| skin cancer that occurs in sun exposed areas such as ear, nose, hands, scalp; scaly, elevated lesion with irregular borders; shallow ulcerations form if untreated; can metastasize through the blood and lymph | squamous cell carcinoma
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| skin cancer that arises from pre-existing moles anywhere on the body; raised brown or black lesions; poor prognosis because of distant metastases | malignant melanoma
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| s/s of skin cancer |
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| treatment for skin cancer: | surgical excision, cryosurgery or radiation therapy for basal cell adn squamous cell; radical excision of tumor and adjacent tissues and chemotherapy for melanoma; skin grafting may be necessary
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| nursing managment of the client with skin cancer: | pain and comfort - pain can be from obstruction or nerve compression by a tumor; fatigue (from chemo)
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| S/S of infecton caused by treatment of cancer | fever; elevated WBC count; pain, redness; drainage
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| Other symptoms client being treated for cancer may have: | bleeding (use electric razor); immobility; alterations in body image; changes in psychological and mental status; grieving; emotional support to client and family; side effects of chemotherapy and radiation
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| Client and family teaching with cancer: | medicatins, treatment and procedures (teach pts what to expect from treatment and procedures); adverse effects associated with treatment; resources for support; follow-up needed after discharge from the hospital
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| When treating pt with cancer, you must allow time for clients to express their feelings or discuss home care. |
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| Teach pt to go watch for s/s of infection - go to ER if fever is over: | 100.4
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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