Ch . 11 Personality
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| Personality | A individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving .
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| Personality theory | A theory that attempts to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
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| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development.
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| Free association | A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings, and mental images as they come to mind.
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| Unconscious | In Freud's theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness
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| id | Latin for the it; in Freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle
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| Eros | The self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species
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| Libido | The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive
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| Thanatos | the death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions
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| Pleasure Principle | the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id
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| Ego | Latin for l; in Freud's theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world
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| Reality Principle | the capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist
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| Superego | the partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules
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| ego defense mechanisms | Largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
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| Repression | the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism
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| Displacement | the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous
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| Sublimation | An ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive socially acceptable, nonsexual activities, a dorm of displacement
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| Psychosexual stages | In Freud's theory, age-related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through the activities associated with those areas
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| Oedipus complex | In Freud's theory, a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent
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| Identification | in psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by irritating the behavior and characteristics of another person
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| Collective Unconscious | in Jung's theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas
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| Archetypes | in Jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious
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| Humanistic psychology | the theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development
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| Actualizing tendency | in Roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
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| Self-concept | the set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself
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| Conditional positive regard | in Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others, conditional love or acceptance
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| Unconditional positive regard | in Roger's theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance
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| Social cognitive theory | Albert Bandura's theory of personality which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determination
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| Reciprocal determinism | a model proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
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| Self-efficacy | the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feeling of self-confidence or self-doubt
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| Trait | a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way
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| Trait theory | A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
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| Surface traits | Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior
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| Source traits | the most fundamental dimensions of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
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| Five-factor model of personality | a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality
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| Behavioral genetics | an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior
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| psychological test | a test that assesses a person's abilities, aptitudes, interests, or personality, on the basis of a systematically obtained sample of behavior
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| Projective test | a type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image, used to assess unconscious motives, cnflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits
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| Rorschach inkblot test | a projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921
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| Graphology | a pseudoscience that claims to assess personality, social, and occupational attributed based on a person's distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing style
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes
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| Self-report inventory | a type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations
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| California Personality Inventory (CPI) | a self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations
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| Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) | A self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait dimensions
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