Review Cervical and Thoracic Positioning and related information
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| Which section(s) of the spine possess a primary curve? | thoracic, sacral
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| The lumbar spine possesses a ______ posterior spinal curvature. | concave
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| An abnormal or exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature with increased convexity | Kyphosis
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| An abnormal or exaggerated lateral spinal curvature | scoliosis
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| synonym for "slipped disk" | herniated nucleus pulposus
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| The foramina created by the superior and inferior vertebral notches | intervertebral
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| Joints found between the superior and inferior articular processes | zygapophyseal
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| Inner aspect of the intervertebral disk | nucleus pulposus
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| The ______ pass through the cervical transverse foramina | vertebral artery/vein
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| Unique characteristic of cervical spine vertebrae structure | bifid spinous process, three foramina
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| Unique characteristic of thoracic spine vertebrae structure | facets for rib articulations
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| The intervertebral foramina for the cervical spine lie at a ____ degree angle to the midsagittal plane | forty-five
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| The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine (C3-7) lie at a ______ degree angle to the midsagittal plane | ninety
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| The large joint space between C1 and C2 | zygapophyseal
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| Ligament that holds the dens agains the anterior arch of C1 | transverse atlantal ligament
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| partial facets found on thoracic vertebrae | demifacets
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| Thoracic vertebrae that do not possess a facet for the costotransverse joint | T11, T12
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| Position of the thoracic spine that best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina | lateral
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| position of the cervical spine that would best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint of C1-2 | AP open mouth
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| Position of the thoracic spine that best demonstrates the zygapophyseal joints | oblique
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| The zygapophyseal joints lie at a _____ degree angle to the midsaggital plane in the thoracic spine | seventy
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| In a RAO position of the cervical spine, what specific structures would be visualized? | right intervertebral foramina
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| In a RAO position of the thoracic spine, what specific structures would be visualized? | right zygapophyseal joints
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| vertebral prominens is the bony landmark at the same level as this | C7-T1
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| jugular notch is the bondy landmark at the same level as this | T2-3
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| a point 3-4" below the jugular notch is equivalent to this spine level | T7
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| the gonion is at this same spine level | C3
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| the sternal angle is at approximately this same spine level | T4-5
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| The thyroid cartilage is at approximately this same spine level | C4-6
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| avulsion fracture of the spinous processes of C6-T1 | clay shoveler's fracture
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| scheuermann disease is a form of _____. | scoliosis/kyphosis
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| Common site for HNP | L4-L5
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| Two ways to prevent excess scatter radiation on a lateral thoracic image | collimation and shiedling
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| what is the degree and direction of angulation for the AP axial cervical spine? | 15 to 20 cephalic
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| what is the degree and direction of angulation for an anterior oblique cervical spine | 15 caudal
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| what is the degree and direction of angulation for a posterior oblique cervical spine? | 15 cephalic
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| The anterior obliques (RAO/LAO) of the cervical spine demonstrate which intervertebral foramina? | side closest
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| The posterior obliques of (RPO/LPO) the cervical spine demonstrate which intervertebral foramina | side farthest
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| The anterior obliques (RAO/LAO) of the thoracic spine demonstrate which joints? | side closest
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| The posterior obliques (RPO/LPO) of the thoracic spine demonstrate which joints? | side farthest
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| functions of the vertebral column | supports trunk, potects spinal cord, supports skull
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| number of cervical vertebrae | 7
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| number of thoracic vertebrae | 12
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| total vertebrae in adult | 26
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| areas of spine with a lordotic curve | cervical, lumbar
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| areas of spine with a kyphotic curve | thoracic, sacrum
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| curves of spine that have a concave appearance | compensatory
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| areas of spine that are known as primary curves | thoracic, sacrum
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| areas of spine that are known as compensatory curves | cervical, lumbar
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| of the two compensatory curves, which develops first? | cervical
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| structures in vertebrae through which spinal nerves and vessels exit the spinal column | intervertebral foramina
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| another name for C1 | atlas
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| another name for c2 | axis
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| another name for c7 | vertebra prominens
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| another name for the odontoid process | dens
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| thick weight bearing anteior part of the vertebra | body
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| consists of a ring or arch of bone that extends posteriorly from the vertebral body | vertebral arch
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| the posterior and anterior vertebral arches form a circle called ______ which protects the spinal cord | vertebral foramen
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| succession of vertebral foramina forms a tubelike opening called_____ | vertebral canal
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| bony process that extends posteriorly from either side of the vertebral body and forms most of the sides of the vertebral arch | pedicles
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| posterior part of vertebral arch is formed by two somewhat flat layers of bone called_____ which extend posteriorly from the pedicle and unite at the midline | laminae
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| process that extends laterally from the junction of the pedicle and laminae | transverse
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| process that extends posteriorly from the junction of two laminae | spinous
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| the outer fibrous portion of a intervertebral disk | annulus fibrosus
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| joint between C1 and skull | atlantooccipital articulations
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| c1 lacks this feature of all vertebrae | body
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| if the left side Z joint appears more closed off than the right side Z joint on an AP open mouth view, what could be the problem? | skull tilted to left
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| this thoracic vertebra has a full facet superiorly and a demifacet inferiorly | T1
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| thoracic vertebrae that have demifacets both superiorly and inferiorly | T2-T8
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| thoracic vertebra with only a demifacet superiorly | T9
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| thoracic vertebrae with full facets only | T10-T12
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| the degree of rotation FROM A LATERAL position for an RAO thoracic? | 15-20
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| the base of the skull (tip of mastoid process) should be in line with this for an AP open mouth view | occlusal plane
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| which view would show the odontoid process inside the foramen magnum? | Fuchs
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| How much is the CR angled for an AP Thoracic | 0
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| How much is the CR angled for an RAO Thoracic | 0
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| How much is the CR angled for a Cervical lateral | 0
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| What is the SID for a cervical lateral? | 72"
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| Why do we use the SID we do for the lateral cervical? | compensate for large OID
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| How much is the CR angle for the lateral thoracic? | 0
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| How much is the CR angle for cervical swimmer's when shoulder separation is not possible? | 3-5 degree
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| which two projections will show the odontoid in the center of the foramen magnum? | Fuchs, Judd
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| The Fuchs method is a ____ projection | AP
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| The Judd method is a _____ projection | PA
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| Doing obliques in the AP vs PA increases your patient's thyroid dose by _____ times | 10-15
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| the portion of the cervical lamina that is a short column of bone between the superior and inferior processes | articular pillar
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| The intervertebral joints of C2-T12 have this joint classification | carilaginous
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| The intervertebral joints of C2-T12 have this mobility type | amphiarthroidal
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| The joints between C1 and C2 have these movement types | plane and trochoid
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| The name of the two joints between C1 and C2 | R/L lateral atlantoaxial (sometimes called zygaphophyseal joints) and medial atlantoaxial
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| The Z joints of C2-T12 have this classification | synovial
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| The Z joints of C2-T12 have this mobility type | diarthroidal
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| The Z joints of C2-T12 have this movement | plane
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| What is the major positioning line used in the Fuchs method (other than MSP)? | MML
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| Central ray is directed ______ degrees to the MML for a Fuchs method | 0 (parallel)
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| kV range for cervical radiography | 70-80
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| kV range for thoracic radiography | 80-90
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| What technique is used on a lateral thoracic to blur structures that overlie the thoracic vertebrae | breathing
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| usual SID for lateral and oblique cervical radiography | 72"
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| usual SID for thoracic radiography | 40"
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| usual SID for AP axial cervical | 40
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| exposure should be made on full ______ for lateral cervical radiography | expiration
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| film size for cervical radiography | 8x10/10x12
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| film orientation for most cervical views | lengthwise
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| film size for AP/Lat Thoracic | 14x17
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| film orientation for AP/Lat Thoracic | lengthwise
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| Centering point for AP Axial | C4
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| Centering point for AP open mouth | center of open mouth
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| Centering point for AP Fuchs | inferior tip of mandible
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| Centering point for PA Judd | 1" inferoposterior to mastoid tips and angles of mandible
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| Centering point for lateral | C4
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| Centering point for swimmer's | T1 (1" above jugular notch or at level of C7 process)
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| Centering point for trauma lateral | C4
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| Centering point for oblique cervical | C4
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| Centering point for flexion/extension lateral | C4
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| Centering point for AP Thoracic | T7
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| Centering point for lateral thoracic | T7
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| centering point for RAO/LAO thoracic | T7
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| first view attempted of a cervical spine series to "clear" a patient in a collar | CTL
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| How could the anode heel effect be used with the thoracic spine? | anode side of tube toward upper chest
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| A dose reduction of ____% can occur by imaging a scoliosis series PA rather than AP | 90
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| wedge shaped vertebral body from lateral perspective | compression fracture
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| fracture of the anterior C2 arch, usually also with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 | hangman's fracture
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| Bilateral offset of spreading of the lateral masses of C1 relative to the dens (comminuted fracture of the ring of C1) | Jefferson fracture
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| Fracture line through the base of the dens, possibly extending into the lateral masses or arches of C1 | odontoid fracture
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| comminuted vertebral body fragments avulsed from the anterioinferior border and fragments from the posterior vertebral body displaced into the spinal canal | teardrop burst fracture
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| unilateral-bow tie deformity | facets-unilateral subluxations and bilateral locks
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| normal concave lumbar curvature or abnormal or exaggerated lumbar curvature | lordosis
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| degeneration of catrilage and formation of osteophytes | osteoarthritis
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| BMD loss | osteoporosis
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| calcification with ossification creating stiffness and lack of joint mobility | spondylitis
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| bony projections extended laterally from transverse process | transitional vertebra
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| Example of a transitional vertebra | C7 or L1 with false rib
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| thoracic vertebrae that possess a facet on the transverse process for rib articulation | T1-T10
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