Leach Sociology Terms Chapter 8
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| deviance | behavior that violates significant social norms
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| stigma | mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant appart from the rest of society
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| criminologist | social scientist that study criminal behavior
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| strain theory | theory of diviant begavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
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| anomie | situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable
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| control theory | theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurrence and conformity is seen as the result of social control
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| cultural transmission theory | theory that views deviance as a learned behavior tranmitted through interaction with others
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| differential association | proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals
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| techniques of neutralization | suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
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| labeling theory | theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as diviant
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| primary deviance | nonconformity undetected by authority in which the individuals who commit deviant acts do not consider themselves to be deviant, and neither does society
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| secondary deviance | nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of secondary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true
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| degradation ceremony | the process of labeling an individual as diviant
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| crime | any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government
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| terrorism | use of threatened or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals.
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| white-collar crime | crime that is committed by an individual or individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives
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| crime syndicate | large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence
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| criminal-justice system | the system of police, courts, and corrections
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| police discretion | the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested
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| racial profiling | the practice of assuming nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans
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| plea bargaining | process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence
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| corrections | sanctions-such as imprisonment, parole, and probation-used to punish criminals
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| recidivism | repeated criminal behavior
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