stress & well-being
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| >> Chap 19 Stress and Physical Well-being. | show 🗑
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| show | stressor: a source of tension that challenges a person's ability to cope.
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| show | This is the physiological reaction of an organism preparing to cope with the threat of a predator and is caused by perceiving a situation as threatening.
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| This state of physiological arousal is controlled by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. | show 🗑
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| Pupils dilate and glucose is released from the liver, alowing greater energy to deal with the stressor. | show 🗑
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| show | Eustress and Distress. > Stress can be the result of either good or bad circumstances.
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| In order to differentiate between the two, the term 'eustress' was coined to refer to good stress like winning a prize at school or finding out that you and your family are going on a holiday to Paris. | show 🗑
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| show | Not everyone goes through all three stages and the exhaustion stage is only reached if exposure to the stressor is prolonged. Ultimately, GAS is the body's way of mobilising and adapting to deal with a real or perceived stressor(s).
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| Alarm. alarm: the first stage of Selye's General adaptation syndrome (GAS) where the fight-or-flight response is activated to prepare the person to deal with the challenge or stressor. This stage has two components: shock followed by countershock. | show 🗑
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| blood glucose levels and stress-related hormones such as adrenalin and cortisol continue to circulate through the body keeping it ready for action. | show 🗑
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| show | > Hans Selye developed a theory to describe the biological aspects of stress which he called general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
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| show | GAS consisted of alarm, resistance and exhaustion. Not everyone goes through all three stages and the exhaustion stage is only reached if exposure to the stressor is persistent and long-lasting.
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| Ultimately, GAS is the body's way of mobilising and adapting to deal with a real or perceived stressor. | show 🗑
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| > it provided laboratory evidence of the role of the brain, endocrine system and peripheral nervous system through the three stages of GAS (general adaptation syndrome). | show 🗑
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| show | > it was able to show that exposure to prolonged stress could lead to death in laboratory rats.
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| show | > his model was predominantly based on his research with laboratory rats.
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| > he did not consider that a rat's responses to stressors are less varied than a person' stress response. | show 🗑
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| > the model failed to recognise the role of emotion and cognition in how a person perceives and evaluates the stressor. | show 🗑
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| show | Lazarus' transactional model of stress and coping emphasised the importance of the interaction between the individual and their environment in assessing whether the stressor is threatening, challenging or potentially dangerous.
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| show | Secondary appraisal: the stage where the person considers what options are available to them and how they will respond.
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| show | > Lazarus' transactional model of stress and coping incorporated the cognitive component of stress.
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| show | The person goes through primary appraisal (initial recognition of the potentially stressful situation) then secondary appraisal (considering one's options).
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| show | Strengths and limitations of Lazarus's transactional model of stress and coping.
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| show | > it used a cognitive approach to stress with a focus on how people cope with psychological stressors
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| > it took both mental processes and emotions into account when examining how an individual interprets a situation as stressful or not. | show 🗑
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| > it did not include cultural, social or environmental factors in looking at how individuals perceive a stressful event. | show 🗑
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| show | While, Lazarus' transactional model of stress and coping addressed the cognitive/psychological determinants of a person's perception and appraisal of an event as stressful.
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| show | Positive and negative life events can be a source of stress of people. A person can experience stress simply by lining up to get ticks to a concert or by missing the bus on the way to school.
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| These types of stressors (often referred to as 'daily hassles') seem fairly unimportant in the scheme of things and certainly do not rate highly when you consider life-threatening events like floods and earthquakes. | show 🗑
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| show | There has been a more holistic approach to understanding the sources and causes of stress. This approach is known as the biopsychosocial model of stress.
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| show | Allostasis.
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| show | The term 'allostasis' was first used by Sterling and Eyer to describe not just the idea of homeostasis, but that of achieving biological and psychological stability with a 'variable' response to stressors or challenges.
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| Where homeostasis reflects maintaining stability, allostasis is where the body remains variable so as to better adapt to potential challenges that it may encounter. | show 🗑
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