stress & well-being
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| >> Chap 19 Stress and Physical Well-being. | show 🗑
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| These sources of tension/stressors can be positive or negative, environmental, psychological or social in nature. | show 🗑
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| > When a person is stressed, their body experiences autonomic arousal that is known as the fight-or-flight response. | show 🗑
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| This state of physiological arousal is controlled by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. | show 🗑
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| Pupils dilate and glucose is released from the liver, alowing greater energy to deal with the stressor. | show 🗑
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| show | Eustress and Distress. > Stress can be the result of either good or bad circumstances.
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| In order to differentiate between the two, the term 'eustress' was coined to refer to good stress like winning a prize at school or finding out that you and your family are going on a holiday to Paris. | show 🗑
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| show | Not everyone goes through all three stages and the exhaustion stage is only reached if exposure to the stressor is prolonged. Ultimately, GAS is the body's way of mobilising and adapting to deal with a real or perceived stressor(s).
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| Alarm. alarm: the first stage of Selye's General adaptation syndrome (GAS) where the fight-or-flight response is activated to prepare the person to deal with the challenge or stressor. This stage has two components: shock followed by countershock. | show 🗑
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| show | Exhaustion. exhaustion: the third stage of GAS (fight-or-flight response) where the body cannot continue to cope with the stressor and its resistance begins to drop; the body's resources are depleted and very tired.
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| show | > Hans Selye developed a theory to describe the biological aspects of stress which he called general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
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| Through laboratory research, Selye found that there was a predictable three-stage pattern of physiological responses to a range of different stressors. | show 🗑
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| Ultimately, GAS is the body's way of mobilising and adapting to deal with a real or perceived stressor. | show 🗑
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| > it provided laboratory evidence of the role of the brain, endocrine system and peripheral nervous system through the three stages of GAS (general adaptation syndrome). | show 🗑
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| show | > it was able to show that exposure to prolonged stress could lead to death in laboratory rats.
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| The limitations of Selye's general adaptation syndrome include the following: > Selye overemphasised biological processes in his generalised adaptation syndrome. | show 🗑
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| show | > even though Selye used rats in his research, he applied his model (GAS) to humans without considering key psychological and environmental factors that are unique to humans, such as the perception and interpretation of the situation.
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| show | > Selye's findings could not be generalised to people because his research involved non-human subjects.
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| Lazarus' Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. | show 🗑
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| Primary appraisal: the recognition of a potentially stressful situation. | show 🗑
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| show | > Lazarus' transactional model of stress and coping incorporated the cognitive component of stress.
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| Stress is regarded as a 'transaction' between the person and the environment, where the person's individual interpretation of the stressor determines how they deal with the situation. | show 🗑
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| show | Strengths and limitations of Lazarus's transactional model of stress and coping.
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| The strengths of the transactional model of stress and coping include: > it used human subjects in developing the model | show 🗑
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| show | The limitations of the transactional model of stress and coping include: > the greater focus on psychological factors meant that less emphasis was placed on the physiological elements of the stress response
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| > it did not include cultural, social or environmental factors in looking at how individuals perceive a stressful event. | show 🗑
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| show | While, Lazarus' transactional model of stress and coping addressed the cognitive/psychological determinants of a person's perception and appraisal of an event as stressful.
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| show | Positive and negative life events can be a source of stress of people. A person can experience stress simply by lining up to get ticks to a concert or by missing the bus on the way to school.
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| These types of stressors (often referred to as 'daily hassles') seem fairly unimportant in the scheme of things and certainly do not rate highly when you consider life-threatening events like floods and earthquakes. | show 🗑
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| show | There has been a more holistic approach to understanding the sources and causes of stress. This approach is known as the biopsychosocial model of stress.
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| show | Allostasis.
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| Homeostasis refers to the body's maintenance of balance in day-to-day automatic functions such as heart rate, respiration and digestion by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. | show 🗑
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| show | Allostasis identifies that there are physiological costs to a person whose fight-or-flight response is activated on a frequent basis by chronic stress.
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