zoo lect. ch 6-8
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| functions of skin | resistance to trauma and infection, barrier, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication, transdermal absorption
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| epidermis | dead cells packed with keratin, lack blood cells, 5 layers
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| dermis | connective tissue, well suported with blood, sweat glands, and nerve endings
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| what factors contribute to normal skin color | melanin produced by melanocytes
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| cyanosis | blueness of the skin from deficiency of oxygen in the ciruclating blood
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| erythema | abnormal redness of the skin due to dilated cutaneous vessels
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| pallor | pale or ashen color when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of dermal collagen is visible
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| jaundice | yellowing of the skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in blood
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| hematoma | mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
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| Lanugo hair | fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last three months of development
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| vellus hair | fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth
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| Terminal hair | longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented
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| parts of hair | bulb, root, shaft
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| part of follicle | papilla of hair and matrix
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| Merocrine glands | tubular, must numerous, watery perspiration that coats body
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| Apocrine glands | ducts lead to near-by hair follicles, respond to stress and sexual stimulation, developed at puberty
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| Sebaceous glands | sebum, flask shaped glands with short ducts, opening into hair follicle, keeps skin and hair from being dry
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| Ceruminous glands | found only in external ear canal, secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial calls to form ear wax
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| Mammary glands | milk producing glands that develop during pregnancy and lactation
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| Basal carcinoma | most common, least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes, forms from cells in stratum basal, lesion is small with shiny bump with central depression
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| squamous cell carcinoma | arise from keratinocytes, appear on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand, have raised reddened scaly appearance , tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and may become lethal
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| malignant carcinoma | arises from melanocytes, unresponsive to chemotherapy, greatest risk factor is family history of malignant melanoma
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| First degree burns | partial thickness burn, involves only epidermis
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| Second degree burns | partial- thickness burn, involves the epidermis and part of the dermis
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| Third degree burns | full-thickness burn, the epidermis and all of the dermis and often some deeper tissues
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| tissues and organs that compose the skeletal system | Bone, cartilage, and ligaments
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| functions of the skeletal system | Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid- base balance, blood formation
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| Long bones | arms and legs, longer than wide, rigid layers acted upon by muscles
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| Flat bones | skull and scapula- protect soft organs, curved but whole and thin
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| Osteogenic cells | stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals; Produce osteoblasts via mitosis
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| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells (nonmitotic) synthesis soft organic matter of the matrix which then hardens by mineral deposition
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| Osteocytes | former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited. Contribute to homeostatic mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions
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| Osteoclast | bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface. Develop from some bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells
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| Describe the matrix of bone tissue include the composition of fibers and minerals | Organic matter is synthesized by osteoblast Inorganic matter is composed of 85% hydroxyapatitie and 10% calcium
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| Red marrow | hemopoietic tissue
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| Yellow marrow | found in adults. Most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow, no longer produces blood
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| What are two diseases associated with bone matrix process | Rickets and osteogenesis
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| Intramembranous ossification | comes from condensation of mesebchyme cells, produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
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| Endochondral ossification | comes from hyaline cartilage
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| Achondroplastic dwarfism | long bones stop growing in childhood, normal torso and short limbs
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| Pituitary dwarfism | lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature
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| Low levels of vitamin D produce what disease | Rickets and osteomalecia
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| Stress fracture | caused by abnormal trauma to bone(wreck)
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| Pathological fracture | break ion bone weakened by some disease
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| Closed reduction | bone fragments are manipulated into normal position without surgery
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| Open reduction | surgical exposure of bone involving plates, screws, or pins
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| Cast | used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone
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| osteoporosis | Sever loss of bone density, most common type of bone disease. Because estrogen maintains density in bone and when a woman goes through menopause her body slows down on estrogen production which is what helps regulate bone density
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| What is a calcitriol | a form of vitamin D produced by sequential action of skin, liver, and kidneys
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| What are the steps of calcitriol production | epidermis uses Uv rays to convert steriod to previtamin D, liver adds hydroxyl group & makes calcidiol, kidneys add hyroxyl group & makes calcitriol
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| In what ways does calcitriol change calcium production | it increases Ca absorption by small intestines, increases Ca reabsorption from skeleton, and promotes kidney reabsorption of Ca ions so less is loss in urine
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| what is calcitonin | secreted by C cells og the thyroid gland when calcuim levels rise too high
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| how does calcitonin lower Ca concentration in blood | osteoclast inhibitation, reduces osteoclast activity and osteoblast stimulation, increases the number and activity of osteoblast
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| what is PTH | parathyroid hormone, secreted by parathyroid glands
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| when is PTH realease | when Ca levels are low
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| how does PTH change Ca levels | binds to receptors on osteoblast stimulating them to raise osteoclast population, promotes Ca reabsorbtion by kidneys, promotes last steps of calcitriol synthesis , and inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblast inhibiting bone deposition
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| What are foramen and what is the function | holes in the bones that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels
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| What are the 3 basins on the crainium and associate brain lobes | anterior cranial fossa(frontal lobe) middle cranial fossa (temporal lobe) posterior cranial (cerebellum)
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| Function of temporal lines on the parietal bones | They serve as attachment of the temporalis muscle
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| external | opening ear canal
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| internal auditory meatus | opening for vestibulocohlear nerve- inner ear to brain for hearing
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| mastoid process | air sinuses communicate with ear
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| mastoid notch | origin of digastric muscle
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| superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone | mark attachment for neck and back muscles
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| foramen magnum | holds spinal cord
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| sella tursica | pituitary gland
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| Function of nasal conchea | create turbulence of airflow and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs
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| What is the Alveolar Process | bony points between teeth
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| What causes a cleft palate | when the palatine process doesn’t close all the way
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| Function lacrimal fossa | houses lacrimal sac in life
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| nasal bones | forms bridge of nose, supports cartilages that shape the lower portion of nose
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| vomer | supports cartilage that forms the anterior part of the nasal septum
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| Function of mandible and describe the Temporal mandibular joint | mandible provides attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication. The temporal mandibular joint is a hinge that is formed when the madibular condyles articulate with the mandibular fossa
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| What does a fractured hyoid indicate | evidence of strangulation
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| What are fontanels | spaces between unfused bones
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| How many vertebre are in each group | cervical -7, thoracic -12, lumbar- 5, sacral- 5 fused ones, cocxygeal – 4 fused
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| Describe the abnormal curvatures of the spine | scoliosis - abnormal lateral curve, kyphosis(hunckback)- exaggerated thoracic curvature, Lordosis(swayback)- exaggerated lumbar curve
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| Function of vertebral body | weight bearing portion of vertebrae
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| transverse process | extends laterally from point were pedicle and lamina meet. Articulates with ribs in thoracic vertebrae3 facets
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| Describe structure of a intervertebral disc | pad that consist of nucleus pulpose (inner gelatinous mass) and annulus fiborosus (outer ring of fibrocartilage)
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| herniated disc | ruptured or slipped disc. Puts painful pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord
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| Function of atlas | supports head, articulates with occipital condyles and allows “yes” motion of head
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| axis | allows “no” motion of head. Projects into vertebral foramen of the atlas and is held in place by transverse ligament
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| What age does sacrum fuse | begins around 16 and is complete at 26
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| What commonly causes breakage of coccyx | difficult child birth or hard fall on butt
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| Function of the thoracic cage | provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs and its costal margin
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| Sescribe the different types of ribs | 12 pairs of ribs, 1-7 are true ribs and connect directly to the sternum. 8-10 are false ribs and connect to sternum by cartilage connections. 11-12 are floating ribs and are not connected to sternum at all
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| What is the risk of chest compressions with the xiphoid process | if performed improperly it can drive the xiphoid process into the liver and cause a fatal hemorrhage
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| T or F. Manubrium articulates with clavicle and R1. | true
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| How are the ribs attached to the sternum | by the head of the ribs
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| Name the type of cartilage that attaches the ribs | costal cartilage
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| What are the bones of the pectoral girdle | clavicle and scapula
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| What are the main joints of the shoulder (3) | sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint
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| What is the name of the 2 fossa/s on each side of the spine called | supraspinous fossa and infaspinous fossa
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| Name the region of the upper limbs | brachium-upper arm, antebrachium-forearm, carpus- wrist, manus- hand
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| The head of the humerus articulates with the ____cavity | glenoid cavity
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| The ______ articulates with the ulna | trochlea
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| Describe the head of the radius and how does it relate to function | disc-shaped , allows for rotation around the radial notch on the ulna
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| Name the structure of the ulna that articulates with the humerus | trochlea
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| What is the interserrous membrane and the function | a ligament that attaches radius to the ulna along the interosseous margin of each bone enables the two elbow joints to share the load
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| What bones make up the pelvic girdle | ossa coxae and the sacrum
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| Function of the pelvis | supports trunk on the lower limbs and protects viscera, lower colon, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
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| Describe the pelvic inlet | most difficult passage for infants head at birth
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| male pelvic girdle | heavier and thicker due to forces exerted by stronger muscles
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| Female pelvic girdle | wider and shallower subpubic angle, larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of infants head
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| Name the regions of the lower limbs | femoral-thigh, crural-leg, tarsal-ankle, and pedal-foot
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| What is the function of the fovea capita | pit in head of femur for attachment of a ligament
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| Describe the attachment of the patella to the rest of the leg | the quadriceps tendon attaches the top portion of the patella and the patellar ligament attaches it to the tibia
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| What is the weight bearing bone of the crural region | tibia
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| Why are tarsal bones shaped differently than carpal bones | because of load bearing role of ankle
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| What is the purpose of the arch in the foot | to absorb stress
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| What are common causes for flat feet | excessive weight, repetitious stress, or congenital weakness
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