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zoo lect. ch 6-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of skin | resistance to trauma and infection, barrier, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication, transdermal absorption |
| epidermis | dead cells packed with keratin, lack blood cells, 5 layers |
| dermis | connective tissue, well suported with blood, sweat glands, and nerve endings |
| what factors contribute to normal skin color | melanin produced by melanocytes |
| cyanosis | blueness of the skin from deficiency of oxygen in the ciruclating blood |
| erythema | abnormal redness of the skin due to dilated cutaneous vessels |
| pallor | pale or ashen color when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of dermal collagen is visible |
| jaundice | yellowing of the skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in blood |
| hematoma | mass of clotted blood showing through the skin |
| Lanugo hair | fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last three months of development |
| vellus hair | fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth |
| Terminal hair | longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented |
| parts of hair | bulb, root, shaft |
| part of follicle | papilla of hair and matrix |
| Merocrine glands | tubular, must numerous, watery perspiration that coats body |
| Apocrine glands | ducts lead to near-by hair follicles, respond to stress and sexual stimulation, developed at puberty |
| Sebaceous glands | sebum, flask shaped glands with short ducts, opening into hair follicle, keeps skin and hair from being dry |
| Ceruminous glands | found only in external ear canal, secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial calls to form ear wax |
| Mammary glands | milk producing glands that develop during pregnancy and lactation |
| Basal carcinoma | most common, least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes, forms from cells in stratum basal, lesion is small with shiny bump with central depression |
| squamous cell carcinoma | arise from keratinocytes, appear on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand, have raised reddened scaly appearance , tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and may become lethal |
| malignant carcinoma | arises from melanocytes, unresponsive to chemotherapy, greatest risk factor is family history of malignant melanoma |
| First degree burns | partial thickness burn, involves only epidermis |
| Second degree burns | partial- thickness burn, involves the epidermis and part of the dermis |
| Third degree burns | full-thickness burn, the epidermis and all of the dermis and often some deeper tissues |
| tissues and organs that compose the skeletal system | Bone, cartilage, and ligaments |
| functions of the skeletal system | Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid- base balance, blood formation |
| Long bones | arms and legs, longer than wide, rigid layers acted upon by muscles |
| Flat bones | skull and scapula- protect soft organs, curved but whole and thin |
| Osteogenic cells | stem cells found in endosteum, periosteum, and in central canals; Produce osteoblasts via mitosis |
| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells (nonmitotic) synthesis soft organic matter of the matrix which then hardens by mineral deposition |
| Osteocytes | former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they have deposited. Contribute to homeostatic mechanism of bone density and calcium and phosphate ions |
| Osteoclast | bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface. Develop from some bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells |
| Describe the matrix of bone tissue include the composition of fibers and minerals | Organic matter is synthesized by osteoblast Inorganic matter is composed of 85% hydroxyapatitie and 10% calcium |
| Red marrow | hemopoietic tissue |
| Yellow marrow | found in adults. Most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow, no longer produces blood |
| What are two diseases associated with bone matrix process | Rickets and osteogenesis |
| Intramembranous ossification | comes from condensation of mesebchyme cells, produces flat bones of skull and clavicle |
| Endochondral ossification | comes from hyaline cartilage |
| Achondroplastic dwarfism | long bones stop growing in childhood, normal torso and short limbs |
| Pituitary dwarfism | lack of growth hormone, normal proportions with short stature |
| Low levels of vitamin D produce what disease | Rickets and osteomalecia |
| Stress fracture | caused by abnormal trauma to bone(wreck) |
| Pathological fracture | break ion bone weakened by some disease |
| Closed reduction | bone fragments are manipulated into normal position without surgery |
| Open reduction | surgical exposure of bone involving plates, screws, or pins |
| Cast | used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone |
| osteoporosis | Sever loss of bone density, most common type of bone disease. Because estrogen maintains density in bone and when a woman goes through menopause her body slows down on estrogen production which is what helps regulate bone density |
| What is a calcitriol | a form of vitamin D produced by sequential action of skin, liver, and kidneys |
| What are the steps of calcitriol production | epidermis uses Uv rays to convert steriod to previtamin D, liver adds hydroxyl group & makes calcidiol, kidneys add hyroxyl group & makes calcitriol |
| In what ways does calcitriol change calcium production | it increases Ca absorption by small intestines, increases Ca reabsorption from skeleton, and promotes kidney reabsorption of Ca ions so less is loss in urine |
| what is calcitonin | secreted by C cells og the thyroid gland when calcuim levels rise too high |
| how does calcitonin lower Ca concentration in blood | osteoclast inhibitation, reduces osteoclast activity and osteoblast stimulation, increases the number and activity of osteoblast |
| what is PTH | parathyroid hormone, secreted by parathyroid glands |
| when is PTH realease | when Ca levels are low |
| how does PTH change Ca levels | binds to receptors on osteoblast stimulating them to raise osteoclast population, promotes Ca reabsorbtion by kidneys, promotes last steps of calcitriol synthesis , and inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblast inhibiting bone deposition |
| What are foramen and what is the function | holes in the bones that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels |
| What are the 3 basins on the crainium and associate brain lobes | anterior cranial fossa(frontal lobe) middle cranial fossa (temporal lobe) posterior cranial (cerebellum) |
| Function of temporal lines on the parietal bones | They serve as attachment of the temporalis muscle |
| external | opening ear canal |
| internal auditory meatus | opening for vestibulocohlear nerve- inner ear to brain for hearing |
| mastoid process | air sinuses communicate with ear |
| mastoid notch | origin of digastric muscle |
| superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone | mark attachment for neck and back muscles |
| foramen magnum | holds spinal cord |
| sella tursica | pituitary gland |
| Function of nasal conchea | create turbulence of airflow and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs |
| What is the Alveolar Process | bony points between teeth |
| What causes a cleft palate | when the palatine process doesn’t close all the way |
| Function lacrimal fossa | houses lacrimal sac in life |
| nasal bones | forms bridge of nose, supports cartilages that shape the lower portion of nose |
| vomer | supports cartilage that forms the anterior part of the nasal septum |
| Function of mandible and describe the Temporal mandibular joint | mandible provides attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication. The temporal mandibular joint is a hinge that is formed when the madibular condyles articulate with the mandibular fossa |
| What does a fractured hyoid indicate | evidence of strangulation |
| What are fontanels | spaces between unfused bones |
| How many vertebre are in each group | cervical -7, thoracic -12, lumbar- 5, sacral- 5 fused ones, cocxygeal – 4 fused |
| Describe the abnormal curvatures of the spine | scoliosis - abnormal lateral curve, kyphosis(hunckback)- exaggerated thoracic curvature, Lordosis(swayback)- exaggerated lumbar curve |
| Function of vertebral body | weight bearing portion of vertebrae |
| transverse process | extends laterally from point were pedicle and lamina meet. Articulates with ribs in thoracic vertebrae3 facets |
| Describe structure of a intervertebral disc | pad that consist of nucleus pulpose (inner gelatinous mass) and annulus fiborosus (outer ring of fibrocartilage) |
| herniated disc | ruptured or slipped disc. Puts painful pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord |
| Function of atlas | supports head, articulates with occipital condyles and allows “yes” motion of head |
| axis | allows “no” motion of head. Projects into vertebral foramen of the atlas and is held in place by transverse ligament |
| What age does sacrum fuse | begins around 16 and is complete at 26 |
| What commonly causes breakage of coccyx | difficult child birth or hard fall on butt |
| Function of the thoracic cage | provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs and its costal margin |
| Sescribe the different types of ribs | 12 pairs of ribs, 1-7 are true ribs and connect directly to the sternum. 8-10 are false ribs and connect to sternum by cartilage connections. 11-12 are floating ribs and are not connected to sternum at all |
| What is the risk of chest compressions with the xiphoid process | if performed improperly it can drive the xiphoid process into the liver and cause a fatal hemorrhage |
| T or F. Manubrium articulates with clavicle and R1. | true |
| How are the ribs attached to the sternum | by the head of the ribs |
| Name the type of cartilage that attaches the ribs | costal cartilage |
| What are the bones of the pectoral girdle | clavicle and scapula |
| What are the main joints of the shoulder (3) | sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint |
| What is the name of the 2 fossa/s on each side of the spine called | supraspinous fossa and infaspinous fossa |
| Name the region of the upper limbs | brachium-upper arm, antebrachium-forearm, carpus- wrist, manus- hand |
| The head of the humerus articulates with the ____cavity | glenoid cavity |
| The ______ articulates with the ulna | trochlea |
| Describe the head of the radius and how does it relate to function | disc-shaped , allows for rotation around the radial notch on the ulna |
| Name the structure of the ulna that articulates with the humerus | trochlea |
| What is the interserrous membrane and the function | a ligament that attaches radius to the ulna along the interosseous margin of each bone enables the two elbow joints to share the load |
| What bones make up the pelvic girdle | ossa coxae and the sacrum |
| Function of the pelvis | supports trunk on the lower limbs and protects viscera, lower colon, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs |
| Describe the pelvic inlet | most difficult passage for infants head at birth |
| male pelvic girdle | heavier and thicker due to forces exerted by stronger muscles |
| Female pelvic girdle | wider and shallower subpubic angle, larger pelvic inlet and outlet for passage of infants head |
| Name the regions of the lower limbs | femoral-thigh, crural-leg, tarsal-ankle, and pedal-foot |
| What is the function of the fovea capita | pit in head of femur for attachment of a ligament |
| Describe the attachment of the patella to the rest of the leg | the quadriceps tendon attaches the top portion of the patella and the patellar ligament attaches it to the tibia |
| What is the weight bearing bone of the crural region | tibia |
| Why are tarsal bones shaped differently than carpal bones | because of load bearing role of ankle |
| What is the purpose of the arch in the foot | to absorb stress |
| What are common causes for flat feet | excessive weight, repetitious stress, or congenital weakness |
Created by:
jelizabeth10
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