Bell West / Learning
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| learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
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| associative learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its conquences (as in operant conditioning).
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| classical conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
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| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) butnot with (2).
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| unconditioned response | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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| unconditioned stimulus | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.
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| conditioned response | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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| conditioned stimulus | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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| acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulusbegins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
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| higher-order conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
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| extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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| spontaneous recovery | The reaapearance, after a pause. of an extinguished conditioned response.
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| generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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| discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
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| operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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| operant behavior | Behavior that operates on the enviroment, producing consequences.
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| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfaavorable consequences become less likely.
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| operant chamber | In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as Skinner box) containing a bar or key that ananimal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
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| shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any events that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli,such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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| negative reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimuli that, when removed after a response.
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| primary reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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| conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
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| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extincton than does continuous reinforcement.
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| fixed-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
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| variable-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response aftert an unpredictable number of responses.
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| fixed-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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| variable-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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| punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
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| cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
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| latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
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| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
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| observational learning | Learning by observing others.
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| modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.
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| prosocial behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior.
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