Chapter one
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| behavior and mental process | psychology
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| what roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology? | Wundt used the scientific method to study the fundamental psychological process. mental reaction time to visual or auditory stimuli.
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| who promoted the belief that psychology should be studied as a seperate entitity? | Wundt
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| who opened the first research laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig? | Wundt
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| structionalism, welcomed women into his graduate program | Thichtner
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| became the first major school of thought in psychology, study of the most basic components or structure of conscious experience | structionalism
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| even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures or parts of sensation or feelings | structionalism
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| opened a new school of psychology called functionalism | William James
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| stresses the importance on how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their enviroment | functionalism
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| examines how psychology applies to education, early childhood and work enviroment | functionalism
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| expanded the scope of psychology research to include observation of living creatures in natural enviroment | functionalism
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| introspection | structionalism (thitchner)
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| origin of species | charles darwin
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| founded the first psychology school in the u.s. at John Hopkins University in 1883. (APA) | G stanley hall
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| established a psychological laboratory in Wellesley College | Mary Whitkons Calkins
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| helped create a strong psychological program at Howard University, first black American to receive phd in psychology | Francis Sumner
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| pavlov and watson | founded the school of behavoirism
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| pavlov, watson and skinner | behavoirism
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| personality theory, form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavoir | psychoanalysis
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| study of observable behavoirs not mental processes | behavoirism
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| challanged principles of both structionalism and functionalism | Sigmund Freud
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| developed a theory of personality based on uncovering causes of behavior that were unconscious or hidden from the persons conscious awareness | Sigmund Freud
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| school of psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud
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| emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality | school of psychoanalysis
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| believed that when unconscious conflicts became extreme, psychological disorders could result | Sigmund Freud
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| school of psychology and theoretical viewpoints that emphasize each persons unique potential for psychological growth and self directions | humanistic psychology
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| the most influential psychologist of the 2oth century | skinner
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| two leaders in the development of humanistic psychology | Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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| referred to as the third force | Humanistic psychology
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| humanistic psychology was founded by | Carl Rogers
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| instead of emphasizing on unconscious conflicts, he emphasized the conscious experience of pt's self directions and unique potential for psychological growth | Carl Rogers
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| emphasized self determination, free-will and importance of choice in human behavoir | Carl Rogers
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| developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth | Abraham Maslow
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| What are the perspectives in psychology? | Biological, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, positive psychology, cognitive, cross-cultural, and evolutionary.
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| studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including, nervous system, endocrine system, immune system and genetics | Biological Perspective
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| refers to the study of the nervous system | Neuroscience
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| emphasizes on the importance of unconscious influence and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior in treating people with psychological problems | psychodynamic perspective
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| study how behavior is acquired or modified by enviromental causes | behavioral perspective
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| influence of interpersonal relationships on a persons self-concept and importance of choice and self direction in striving to reach ones potential | humanistic perspective
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| emphasis on psycological growth and human potential, contributed to emergence of new perspective. study of positive emotions and psychological states | positive psychological perspective
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| personal happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths and wisdom | positive psychological perspective
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| personal happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths and wisdom | cognitive revolution
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| how people process, remember information, develop language, solve problems and think | cognitive perspective
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| studying the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries | cross-cultural perspective
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| common behaviors are not always universal | cross-cultural perspective
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| work harder in a group than when alone | social striving
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| less effort as the size of the group increases | social loafing
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| application of principles of evolution, natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena | evolutionary psychology
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| the belief that ones own culture is superior than others | ethnocentrism
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| culture that emphasize needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group | individualistic cultures
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| culture that emphasize the needs and goals of the group | collectivistic cultures
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| biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, educational, experimental, developmental, forensic, health, industrial/organizational, personality, rehabilitation, social sports, military | specialty areas in psychology
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| studies the relationship between psychological processes and the bodys physical system, including the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, immune and genetics | biological
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| biopsychology/physiological psychology | biological psychology
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| studies the causes, dx, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders. anxiety, mood, eating | clinical psychology
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| investigates mental, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery and language | cognitive psychology
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| helps people adjust, adapt, cope | counseling psychology
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| studies how people of all ages learn, develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in educational and work setting | educational psychology
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| used to describe research on basic subjects,like sensory, perceptual, learning, emotion, motivation | experimental psychology
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| studies physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different ages/stages of lifespan | developmental psychology
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| techniques used in legal issues,assesement, treatment of offenders,mental, competency to stand trial, custody, jury selection | forensic psychology
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| focuses on role of psychological factors in development, prevention, treatment of illness | health psychology
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| people/work relationship. job analysis, personel selection and training | industrial/organizational psychology
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| studies the nature of human personality, individual differences, characteristics of each person | personality psychology
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| helping peoplew/chronic health conditions adapt to their situation | rehabilitation psychology
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| explores how people are affected by their social enviroment | social psychology
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| uses theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation | sports psychology
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| idea that mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experience | interactive dualism
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| what are the four basic goals of psychology? | describe, explain, predict, conrol/influence behavior and mental process.
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| what is the scientific method? | set of assumptions to guide researchersin creating a question to investigate, generate evidence in drawing a conclusion
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| what are the characteristic of the scientific method? | formulate question, desing a study/collect data, analyze data/arrive conclusion, report results
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| verifiable evidence, based on observation, measurement or experiment | empirical evidence
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| factor that can vary or change in a way that can be observed, measured and verified | variable
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| active process of minimizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining conclusion and considering explination | critical thinking
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| researchers study/observe behavior in its natural setting | naturalistic observation
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| combining results of many research studies | meta-analysis
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| systematicallly observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behavior and events | descriptive research method
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| fake/false science that makes claims based on little or no evidence | pseudoscience
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| intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals | case study
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| show strongly two factors are related | correlational studies
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| numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors | correlational coefficient
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| one in which two factors vary in the same direction | positive correlation
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| selected sample that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics | representative studies
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| process in wich subjects are selected randomly from a larger group, every group member has an equal chance of being included | random selection
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| extraneous variable also called | confounding variable
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| method of investigation used to demonstrate cause/effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor | experimental method
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| purposely manipulated factor, thought to produce change in the experiment, also called treatment variable | independent variable
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| factor that is observed and measured for change, thought to be influenced by the independent variable also called outcome variablle | dependent variable
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| factor other than one being studied that if not controlled could affect the outcome of the experiment | extraneous variable
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| group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent varialble | experimental group
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| finding that two factors vary in opposite directions. one increases as the other decreases | negative correlation
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| assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups in the studdy | random assignment
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| an expiremental control in wich neither the participant nor the researcher are aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned | double blind technique
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| cues or signals given by the researcher | demand characteristics
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| any change in performance that results from repetition of task | practice effect
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| any change that can be directly attributed to the independent or treatment variable after controlling for other possible influences | main effect
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| group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable. the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared | control group/control condition
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| branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species | comparitive psychology
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| interactive dualism | renee descartes
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| biology, genetic, dna | nature
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| enviroment | nurture
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