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psychology chapter 1
Chapter one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| behavior and mental process | psychology |
| what roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology? | Wundt used the scientific method to study the fundamental psychological process. mental reaction time to visual or auditory stimuli. |
| who promoted the belief that psychology should be studied as a seperate entitity? | Wundt |
| who opened the first research laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig? | Wundt |
| structionalism, welcomed women into his graduate program | Thichtner |
| became the first major school of thought in psychology, study of the most basic components or structure of conscious experience | structionalism |
| even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures or parts of sensation or feelings | structionalism |
| opened a new school of psychology called functionalism | William James |
| stresses the importance on how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their enviroment | functionalism |
| examines how psychology applies to education, early childhood and work enviroment | functionalism |
| expanded the scope of psychology research to include observation of living creatures in natural enviroment | functionalism |
| introspection | structionalism (thitchner) |
| origin of species | charles darwin |
| founded the first psychology school in the u.s. at John Hopkins University in 1883. (APA) | G stanley hall |
| established a psychological laboratory in Wellesley College | Mary Whitkons Calkins |
| helped create a strong psychological program at Howard University, first black American to receive phd in psychology | Francis Sumner |
| pavlov and watson | founded the school of behavoirism |
| pavlov, watson and skinner | behavoirism |
| personality theory, form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavoir | psychoanalysis |
| study of observable behavoirs not mental processes | behavoirism |
| challanged principles of both structionalism and functionalism | Sigmund Freud |
| developed a theory of personality based on uncovering causes of behavior that were unconscious or hidden from the persons conscious awareness | Sigmund Freud |
| school of psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud |
| emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality | school of psychoanalysis |
| believed that when unconscious conflicts became extreme, psychological disorders could result | Sigmund Freud |
| school of psychology and theoretical viewpoints that emphasize each persons unique potential for psychological growth and self directions | humanistic psychology |
| the most influential psychologist of the 2oth century | skinner |
| two leaders in the development of humanistic psychology | Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
| referred to as the third force | Humanistic psychology |
| humanistic psychology was founded by | Carl Rogers |
| instead of emphasizing on unconscious conflicts, he emphasized the conscious experience of pt's self directions and unique potential for psychological growth | Carl Rogers |
| emphasized self determination, free-will and importance of choice in human behavoir | Carl Rogers |
| developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth | Abraham Maslow |
| What are the perspectives in psychology? | Biological, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, positive psychology, cognitive, cross-cultural, and evolutionary. |
| studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including, nervous system, endocrine system, immune system and genetics | Biological Perspective |
| refers to the study of the nervous system | Neuroscience |
| emphasizes on the importance of unconscious influence and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior in treating people with psychological problems | psychodynamic perspective |
| study how behavior is acquired or modified by enviromental causes | behavioral perspective |
| influence of interpersonal relationships on a persons self-concept and importance of choice and self direction in striving to reach ones potential | humanistic perspective |
| emphasis on psycological growth and human potential, contributed to emergence of new perspective. study of positive emotions and psychological states | positive psychological perspective |
| personal happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths and wisdom | positive psychological perspective |
| personal happiness, optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengths and wisdom | cognitive revolution |
| how people process, remember information, develop language, solve problems and think | cognitive perspective |
| studying the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries | cross-cultural perspective |
| common behaviors are not always universal | cross-cultural perspective |
| work harder in a group than when alone | social striving |
| less effort as the size of the group increases | social loafing |
| application of principles of evolution, natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena | evolutionary psychology |
| the belief that ones own culture is superior than others | ethnocentrism |
| culture that emphasize needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group | individualistic cultures |
| culture that emphasize the needs and goals of the group | collectivistic cultures |
| biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, educational, experimental, developmental, forensic, health, industrial/organizational, personality, rehabilitation, social sports, military | specialty areas in psychology |
| studies the relationship between psychological processes and the bodys physical system, including the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, immune and genetics | biological |
| biopsychology/physiological psychology | biological psychology |
| studies the causes, dx, treatment, and prevention of different types of behavioral and emotional disorders. anxiety, mood, eating | clinical psychology |
| investigates mental, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery and language | cognitive psychology |
| helps people adjust, adapt, cope | counseling psychology |
| studies how people of all ages learn, develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in educational and work setting | educational psychology |
| used to describe research on basic subjects,like sensory, perceptual, learning, emotion, motivation | experimental psychology |
| studies physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different ages/stages of lifespan | developmental psychology |
| techniques used in legal issues,assesement, treatment of offenders,mental, competency to stand trial, custody, jury selection | forensic psychology |
| focuses on role of psychological factors in development, prevention, treatment of illness | health psychology |
| people/work relationship. job analysis, personel selection and training | industrial/organizational psychology |
| studies the nature of human personality, individual differences, characteristics of each person | personality psychology |
| helping peoplew/chronic health conditions adapt to their situation | rehabilitation psychology |
| explores how people are affected by their social enviroment | social psychology |
| uses theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation | sports psychology |
| idea that mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experience | interactive dualism |
| what are the four basic goals of psychology? | describe, explain, predict, conrol/influence behavior and mental process. |
| what is the scientific method? | set of assumptions to guide researchersin creating a question to investigate, generate evidence in drawing a conclusion |
| what are the characteristic of the scientific method? | formulate question, desing a study/collect data, analyze data/arrive conclusion, report results |
| verifiable evidence, based on observation, measurement or experiment | empirical evidence |
| factor that can vary or change in a way that can be observed, measured and verified | variable |
| active process of minimizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining conclusion and considering explination | critical thinking |
| researchers study/observe behavior in its natural setting | naturalistic observation |
| combining results of many research studies | meta-analysis |
| systematicallly observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behavior and events | descriptive research method |
| fake/false science that makes claims based on little or no evidence | pseudoscience |
| intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals | case study |
| show strongly two factors are related | correlational studies |
| numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship between two factors | correlational coefficient |
| one in which two factors vary in the same direction | positive correlation |
| selected sample that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics | representative studies |
| process in wich subjects are selected randomly from a larger group, every group member has an equal chance of being included | random selection |
| extraneous variable also called | confounding variable |
| method of investigation used to demonstrate cause/effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor | experimental method |
| purposely manipulated factor, thought to produce change in the experiment, also called treatment variable | independent variable |
| factor that is observed and measured for change, thought to be influenced by the independent variable also called outcome variablle | dependent variable |
| factor other than one being studied that if not controlled could affect the outcome of the experiment | extraneous variable |
| group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent varialble | experimental group |
| finding that two factors vary in opposite directions. one increases as the other decreases | negative correlation |
| assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups in the studdy | random assignment |
| an expiremental control in wich neither the participant nor the researcher are aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned | double blind technique |
| cues or signals given by the researcher | demand characteristics |
| any change in performance that results from repetition of task | practice effect |
| any change that can be directly attributed to the independent or treatment variable after controlling for other possible influences | main effect |
| group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable. the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared | control group/control condition |
| branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species | comparitive psychology |
| interactive dualism | renee descartes |
| biology, genetic, dna | nature |
| enviroment | nurture |
Created by:
nperez