Landscape Ecology Midterm notecards
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| List technologies for collecting and dealing with geographic information | –Global Positioning System (GPS)
–Remote Sensing
–Geographic Information System (GIS)
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| Describe how remote sensing works... | Satellites that orbit the Earth capture information using the electromagnetic spectrum and the signals are transmitted to the Earth and transformed to digital images
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| List the basic types of data that can be stored in GIS (think layer cake info) | hydrology, topography, land use, utilities, soils, streets, districts, parcels
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| What two types of data are layers comprised of? | Spatial and attribute data
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| What does spacial data describe? | location (where)
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| What does attribute data describe? | What, how much, when
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| In what two ways can layers be represented? | Vector and raster format
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| Describe vector format | points and lines
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| Describe raster (image) format | pixels
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| What four properties do all geographic data have? | projection, scale, accuracy, and resolution
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| What type of files store spatial data? | shape files and geodatabases
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| What type of files store attribute data? | stored in a data base table
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| What is a projection? | the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the Earth is represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen (distortion is inevitable)
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| What is scale? | The ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on the ground
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| What is accuracy? | How well the database info matches real world in terms of position, consistency and completeness
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| What is resolution? | The size of the smallest feature able to be recognized
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| For raster data, what is the resolution? | The pixel size
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| What are some "main players" for GIS software? | ESRI, MapInfo, Intergraph, Bentley Systems, Autodesk
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| What are some "other players" for vector data? | Smallworld Systems, Manifold, Maptitude
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| What are some "other players" for raster data? | ERDAS/Imagine, ER MAPPER, Envi, PCI, CARIS, GRASS, IDRSI
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| What types programs are available in Arc10? | ArcInfo, ArcEditor, ArcView, ArcExplorer, Browser
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| Describe what ArcInfo does |
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| Describe what ArcEditor does |
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| Describe what ArcView does |
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| How do we incorporate into a computer application system? | by using a relational Data Base Management System (DBMS)
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| What is a coverage? | vector data format introduced with ArcInfo in 1981. Multiple physical files in a folder, composed of a data file and an info file
proprietary: no published specs and ArcInfo required for changes
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| Characteristics of a Shapefile | comprises several physical files (with extension of .shp, .shx, .prj, .sbn, .sbx, .dbf) all of which must be present
-can only store a single feature type (point or line or polygon)
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| Geodatabase | Multiple layers saved in a single .mdb (MS access-like) file
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| Which are the simplest and most commonly used format? | Shapefiles
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| Point | node.
0-dimension
single x, y coordinate pair
zero area
tree, oil well, city, etc
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| line | arc
-1 dimension
-two (or more) connected x,y coordinates
-roads, streams, utilities, faults
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| polygon | 2-dimensions
-four or more ordered and connected x,y coordinates
-first and last x,y pairs are the same
-has area and a perimeter
-census tracts, county, lake, states
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| what is a whole polygon | (boundary structure)
polygons described by listing coordinates of a point in order as you "walk around" the outside boundary of the polygon
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| characteristics of a whole polygon: | all data is stored into one file (could also store, inefficiently, attribute data for polygon in same file)
-coordinates/borders for adjacent polygons stored twice...may not be same, resulting in slivers(gaps) or overlap
-all lines are 'double'
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| What is topology? | -knowledge about relative positioning
-managing data cognizant of shared geometry
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| what is topography? | the form of the land surface, in particular, its elevation
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| what does topology do? | it distinguishes GIS data models from non-topological data models supported by many CAD, mapping and graphics systems
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| what are the three C's? | Connectivity, congruency(same location), and contiguity(adjacency or "next door")
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| what is Arc-node topology? | keeps track of which arcs are connected to other arcs through shared nodes
(nodes are endpoints of arcs).
It defines length, direction, and connectivity for arcs.
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| what is Polygon-arc topology? | expresses the relationship between the arc features and the polygon features for which the arcs create boundaries. It defines area and adjacency.
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| what is from-node? | an arc's starting point
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| what is the to-node? | the arc's ending point
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| when do arcs connect? | when they share a node
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| Contiguity | left-right topology- how polygons are associated with their neighboring polygons
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| how are attributes recorded? | by assigning each cell a single value based on the majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type
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| what is raster orientation? | angle between true north and direction defined by raster columns
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| what is a class? | set of cells with the same values (e.g. type= sandy soil)
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| what is a zone? | set of contiguous cells with the same value
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| what's a neighborhood? | set of cells adjacent to a target cell in some systematic manner
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| what is GRID? | is ESRI's proprietary format for storing and processing raster data
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| who said this: "raster is faster but vector is corrector" | Joseph Berry
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| what is DEM? | digital elevation model
a sampled array of elevations(z) that are regularly spaced intervals in the x and y directions
-disadvantage: does not conform to variability of the terrain and linear features not well represented.
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| what is the triangulated irregular network? | a set of adjacent, non-overlapping triangles computed from irregularly spaced points, with x, y horizontal coordinates and z vertical elevations
-disadvantage: analysis involving comparison with other layers is hard
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| what are contour (isolines) lines? | lines of constant elevation at a specified interval (example: a valley or hilltop)
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| graticule | latitude and longitude lines that create a grid
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| Starting point for latitudes | equator
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| starting point for longitudes | Prime Meridian
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| spheroid | developed to more accurately approximate the true shape of the Earth
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| True or false, the Earth is shaped less like a sphere and more like an ellipsoid because it bulges at the equator | True
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| datum | coordinate system which defines the position of a spheroid in relation to the center of the Earth and establishes a frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface
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| Different datums use a different ___________ orientation of the spheroid to geoid to determine which parts of the world keep accurate coordinates on the spheroid | orientation
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| Name some common datums | NAD27, NAD83, WGS84
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| What does NAD27 stand for? | North American Datum of 1927
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| What does NAD83 stand for? | North American Datum of 1983
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| What does WGS84 stand for? | World Geodetic System of 1984
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| Where is the original datum from NAD27 based? When was the data collected? | Meades Ranch in Kansas, land based surveys using an ellipsoid in 1866
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| Where is the original data from for datum NAD83 ? Where is the reference point for the datum? | Satellite based system from 1980, the center of the earth is used as a reference.
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| True or false, NAD83 was adpoted internationally as GRS80 | True
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| True or false, the military refined NAD83 | False, the military used a refinement of WGS84
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| What are map projections (Projected coordinate systems)? | Mathematical algorithms transform locations defined on the curved surface of the earth into locations defined on the flat surface of map aka planar representations of the Earth
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| In what two ways are projections grouped? | Projection surface or preserved property
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| Describe the three main types of projection surfaces | Azimuthal (planar)
Cylindrical (projection onto cylinder then unrolled)
Conic (projection onto a cone and unrolled)
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| Describe the four main types of preserved property | Conformal (preserves local angles and shapes)
Equivalent (represents areas in correct relative size but not absolute size)
Equidistant (distance from a single location to all other locations are preserved)
Azimuthal (retains certain accurate directions
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| True or false, GCS (geographic coordinate system) has been projected to a flat surface | False, GCS consists of latitude and longitude lands that have NOT been projected on a flat surface
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| Name the units for GCS | DMS: degrees, minutes, seconds
DD: decimal degrees
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| What is most ESRI data's in? | GCS_North_American1983 (Geographic Coordinate system, NAD83)
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| True or false, GCS can locate exact positions on the surface of the Earth? | true
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| True or false, GCS is good for measuring distances between areas | False, distances between parallels and meridians are not uniform
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| Which projections should be chosen for low-latitude areas near the equator? | Cylindrical
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| Which projections should be chosen for mid-latitude areas? | Conical
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| Which projections are best for polar regions? | Azimuthal
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| What are the commonly used projections for worldwide data? | Plate Carree, Robinson, Sinusoidal
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| Describe the Plate Carree projection | Cylindrical, polar regions distorted, preserves eastings and northings
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| Describe the Robinson projection | Pseudo-cylidrical, preserves neither area nor distance
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| Describe the Sinusoidal projection | Meridians based on sine function, preserves area (equivalent)
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| What are common projections used in the US? | UTM, State Plane, Albers Equal-Area Conic
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| Describe the UTM (Universe Transverse Mercator) projection | Pseudo-cylindrical projection, units are meters, used by state governments, splits into 60 longitudinal zones, bad for polar regions
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| True or false, Georgia is in UTM zone 17? | False, Georgia lies in UTM zones 16 and 17
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| Describe SPC (State Plane Coordinates) projection | Specific system for each state, some states divided by states, each system has a specific projection, high accuracy, most county and city governments use this
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| True or false, Baldwin County is in system GA-E | True
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| Describe Albers Equal-Area Conic | Used in most US national maps and sometimes for World Atlases
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| What makes up a coordinate system? | The entire projection with datum which equate a spatial reference
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| True or false, ArcMap projects multiple data sets that don't have to be in the same projection | True, this is called projecting,"On the Fly"
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| True or false, ArcMap sets the projection of your Data Frame to be the last data set added? | False, the projection is set to be the FIRST data set
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| geographic transformation | converts geographic coordinates in one datum to corresponding coordinates in the other
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| what are the 2 main types of geodatabases? | personal and file geodatabase
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| personal geodatabases store raster data. true or false? | false. they do not store raster data.
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| file geodatabases have what extension? | .gdb
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| personal geodatabases have what extension? | .mdb
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| which geodatabase is easier to create and manage and have virtually no size limit and are not tied to windows? | file geodatabases
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| ___________ allow us to group data for a particular area or types of data into one centrally managed package. | geodatabases
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| this allows for interactive relationships between datasets (feature classes) within feature datasets (aka, topology) | geodatabases
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| this helps store data in such a way that file sizes are much smaller and hard-drive space is conserved | geodatabases
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| what is a feature class? | a collection of features with the same geometry type (point, line, polygon) and same attributes
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| define a feature dataset | collection of feature classes that share the same spatial reference (same location)
topology rules are used to establish relationships among feature classes
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| what are tables used for | to store non-spatial data
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| feature classes, feature datasets, tables, and raster datasets are all created in which program? | ArcCatalog
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| all feature classes have a field named what? | "shape"
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| feature classes can stand alone within _______ or be contained within _______, _________, or __________ | geodatabases, shapefiles, coverages, or feature datasets
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| what is the x,y tolerance for? | it is used to set the minimum distance between coordinates
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| what is the x,y resolution? | it defines the number of decimal places (sig digits) used to store the coordinates. the numeric precision used to store the x,y coordinate values
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| 2 primary reasons feature datasets are used: | 1. organize thematically related data into a single database
2. organize related feature classes for building spatial relationships between these feature classes (topology)
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| when creating a new feature dataset, you must define its _______ _________ | spatial reference
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| spatial reference | projection
x,y,z and M (linear measurements) value tolerances
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| 3 primary field data types in ArcGIS...what are they? | Numeric, Text, and Date
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| what is short integer? | can store 5 significant digits (no decimals)
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| long integer | can store 10 significant digits (no decimals)
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| floating point | stores decimal points up to 7 significant digits
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| double-precision | stores decimal points up to 15 significant digits
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| what's a geodatabase schema? | a fancy name for the properties you set up for your geodatabase. (tables, feature classes, datasets, topology and their properties)
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| where do you create a geodatabase? | in ArcCatalog
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| what do domains do? | they allow you to set a predefined list of options for how a field can be populated- this reduces typos and data input effort
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| you complete the ______ _____by adding the following fields: construct date, location, description, activity type | feature class
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| feature classes are created in what program | arcCatalog
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| you go into _________ to put in line data into this feature class | ArcMap
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| if a dataset has no Z coordinates what does that mean | it is not a 3D dataset
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| when you can drag data into a feature dataset this is only possible when? | they share the same spatial reference
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| 2 types of data collection...what are they? | primary and secondary
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| primary data collection | data that is created in house.
the most expensive part of GIS
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| secondary data collection | data that already exist
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| what does a digitizing tablet do? | it sends an electrical impulse from the edges read by the puck to determine location.
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| what is on screen digitizing? | when the original map is scanned and georeferenced.
features are captured using the mouse
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| text files | if you have a text file or a table with x,y values you can directly import them into arcGIS
excell or access (or other DB)
GPS data
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| DEM | digital elevation model
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| NED | national elevation dataset
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| NHD | national hydrography dataset
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| DRG | digital raster graphic
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| DLG | digital line graph
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| DOQQ | digital ortho quarter quad
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| GNIS | Geographic names information system
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| LULC | land use land cover
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| NLCD | national land cover data
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| hypsography | contours and supplementary spot elevations
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| TIGER | topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing
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| NCDC | national climate data center.
the world's largest active archive of weather data
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| image server | a server generates an image of a map and sends it to a browser or plugin
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| feature servers | a server selects the features you need and sends them to your client.
the client can be ArcMap, arcReader, or a custom viewer
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| 2 internet map servers | image and feature servers
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| commercial data | many data products are repackaged free data.
street map and address data
remote sensing data sets
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| standards | agreed-upon ways of doing, describing, or delivering something
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| _____ _________ are very important with the number of organizations using and producing data and because of spatial data can now be manipulated so easily with GIS software | data standards
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| 4 areas of spatial data standards | media standards.
data format standards.
accuracy standards.
documentation standards-metadata.
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| media standards-examples | physical form of transfer.
cd's, DVDs, tapes
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| format standards aid in the ______ of data between companies, agencies, and individuals | transfer
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| accuracy standards help to: | document the quality of positional and attribute values.
it's very expensive. often one of the last things done. can have dramatic impacts on spatial analyses
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| documentation standards: | define how data is described, tell us how data was manipulated/created, tell how data is stored and in what format, allows for users to quickly access usefulness
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| 5 different aspects of data: | 1. identification.
2. data quality
3.spatial reference and organization information
4. entity and attribute information.
5. distribution
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| CSDGM | content standard for digital geospatial metadata
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| all us government units are required to adhere to the _____ when documenting and distributing spatial data | CSDGM
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| What is a map? | Generalized view of an area, usually same portion of Earth's surface as seen from above at a greatly reduced size, any geographical image of the environment, two dimensional representation of the spatial distribution of selected phenomena
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| Cartography | the science, art and technology of making using and studying maps
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| Important elements of a map | Title, legend, scale, orientation, metadata (data source, projection, datum, map creator and date)
optional elements-locator map, inset map, neatline
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| Describe map scale | a ratio of distance on the map to distance on the ground
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| True or false, a large scale map covers a small area | True
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| Describe a qualitative point symbol | It indicates a location and can describe a location
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| Describe a quantitative point symbol | it shows a distribution and can indicate a value via graduated symbols
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| Describe a line symbol | One dimensional, commonly describe borders and roads, can also be used for isolines and flow lines
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| Isoline | connect same values
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| Describe area symbols | can be divided in to kind (qualitative) area symbols and value(quantitative) area symbols
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| Cartograms | distort area to show value
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| Primary vector analysis tools | selection tools, map overlay tools, single input analyses, spatial join
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| Describe selection tools | Select by attribute: query the attribute table or data
Select by location: select features from one layer that are within a certain area with another data layer
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| What are the map overlay tools available? | Clip, erase, intersect, union, identity, merge, append
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| Describe the 2 types of single input vector analyses | Dissolve: creates new shape-file that merges adjacent polygons
Buffer: creates buffer polygons to set distance around input features
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| Describe spatial join | allows you to summarize one layer by the attributes of another based upon the spatial location of each dataset
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| spatial data | describes location, where
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| attribute data | specifies characteristics at a location (what, how much, and when)
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| How are geographic features represented in GIS | features are grouped into layers based on similar characteristics using vector and raster data
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| Vector data model | coverage or shapefile
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| Raster data model | GRID or IMG- img jpg tif ect
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| Coverage file format | stores vector data, multiple physical files in a folder, introduced in 1981 with ArcInfo
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| Shapefile | vector data format with physical files like: shp, shx, prj, sbn, sbx, dbf that all must be present
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| True or false, shapefiles can store multiple feature types | False, shapefiles can only store a single feature type like point, line or polygon, introduced in 1993
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| Geodatabase | multiple layers saved in a single .mbd or .gdb, introduced in 2000
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| True or false, shapefiles are the simplest and most commonly used format for vector spatial data | True
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| Describe the files that must be present for a shapefile to function | dbf: database file stores feature attributes
prj: projection file stores coordinates
shp: contains feature geometry
shp.xml: metadata
shx: spatial index file
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| True or false, in a geodatabase, all data doesn't have to be in the same spatial extent | false, all data must be in the same spatial extent
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| True or false, in relational geodatabases, both spatial and tabular data are stored | True
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| Types of vector data | point, line, polygon
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| topology | knowledge of relative spatial positioning of features and how features are connected and which features are adjacent to each other
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| topography | the form of the land surface and particularly elevation
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| True or false, whole polygons from vector data can store topological information | False
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| Name the three Cs from the concept of topology | Connectivity, congruency, contiguity
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| Topology rules for coverages | Each arc has beginning node and ending node which determines direction, arcs connect to other arcs at nodes, connected arcs form polygon boundries (arc coordinates are only stored once if they are common bw 2 polygons) Arcs have polygons to left and right
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| Arc node topology | keeps track of which arcs are connected to other arcs through shared nodes, defines length, direction and connectivity for arcs
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| from-node | starting point of an arc
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| to-node | ending node of an arc
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| polygon arc topology | expresses the relationship between arc features and the polygon features for which the arcs create boundaries, defines area adjacency,
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| True or false, two arcs are adjacent if they share an arc | true
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| left-right topology | refers to contiguity-how polygons are associated with their neighboring polygons, each arc has a list of which polygons are on the right side and which are on the left
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| raster data | area covered by grid with equal sized cells, describes location and connects attributes
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| Describe location of raster data | this is calculated from each cell from origin of the grid
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| Describe attributes of raster data | recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the majority feature in the cell (think like land use)
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| True or false, raster data has a complex data structure | false, it has simple data structure, directly stores each layer as a single table and computer database management system is not required
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| True or false, single values are associated with each cell in raster data | true
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| List file formats for raster spatial data | GRID, JPEG, TIFF, MrSid
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| True or false, to use raster data for analysis, it must be converted to a grid | True, the data can only be displayed in JPEG TIFF and MrSid
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| What are DRGS | digital raster graphics, digital versions of topographic maps
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| DOQQs | Digital orthophoto quarter quads
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| Describe what features that vector data models are best for | features with discrete boundaries like property lines, political boundaries, and transportation
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| Describe what features that raster data models are best used for | elevation, temperature, soil type, land use, ground cover
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| True or false, ArcMap cannot read and overlay all three types of data | False, ArcMap can read and overlay all three data types
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| There are three ways to represent digital terrain models | Raster based DEMs, Vector based TINs, Vector based contour lines
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| Describe DEMS | digital elevation model, regular spaced set of elevation points including x values
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| Describe TINs | triagulated irregular networks, irregular triangles with elevations at the three corners
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| Described vector based contour lines | must be converted to raster or TIN for analysis, lines joining points of equal elevation at specified intervals
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| True or false, geodatabases are native to and only work with ArcGIS | true
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| Personal databases | extension: mdb, can only be edited by one user per time, 2 gig max size, doesn't store raster data
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| File geodatabase | extension: gdb, virtually no size limit
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| Describe feature classes | collection of features with same geometry type and same attributes
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| describe feature datasets | collection of feature classes that share the same spatial reference, topology rules are used to establish relationships among feature classes
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| describe tables (geodatabases) | used to store non-spatial data
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| describe raster datasets (geodatabases) | store any supported raster file type: GRID, TIFF, MRSID, JPEG, ERDAS, IMG
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| True or false, all geodatabases are created and managed in ArcMap | False, all geodatabases are created in ArcCatalog
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| True or false, feature classes can stand alone within geodatabases or be contained within shapefiles, coverages, or feature datasets | True
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| Feature classes are used for two primary reasons, what are they? | Organize thematically related data into one database, organize related feature classes for building spatial relationships *like topology)
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| USGS data includes | DEM, NED, NHD, DRG, DLG, DOQQ, GNIS, LULC, NLCD
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| DRG | Digital raster graphic, scans of USGS topo maps
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| GNIS | Geographic names information system contains info about physical and cultural geographic features of US and its territory
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| NHD | National hydrography data set, contains info about naturally occurring and constructed bodies of water
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| LULC | Land use and land cover data, consists of historical land use and land cover classification data
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| NLCD | National land cover data using 21 classes over United States and derived from 1990s landsat data
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| TIGER | Topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing,
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| NOAA | Oceans
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| NCDC | National Climatic data center
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| What is metadata made of? | Identification, data quality, spatial reference and organization information, entity and attribute information, distrobution,
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| US Metadata standards, list the 10 types of info | identification, data quality, spatial data organization, spatial reference coordinate system, entity and attribute, distribution and options for obtaining the data set, currency of the metadata and responsible party, citation, time period, contact
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