Pathology: Hematology & Oncology
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| Which molecules does t-PA act on? | show 🗑
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| 1. Platelets link to each other through fibrinogen. Which is the fibrinogen receptor on the platelet? 2. Which molecule causes receptor activation? | show 🗑
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| What role does Clopidogrel (plavix) play in coagulation homeostasis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. factor X
2. converts prothrombin to thrombin
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| show | to turn fibrinogen into fibrin monomers
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| 1. How does Warfarin (coumadin) inhibit clotting? 2. How does Heparin inhibit clotting? | show 🗑
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| show | HEP, PTT, INT
1. partial thromboplastin
2. intrinsic
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| 1. Determining __ time can monitor Warfarin therapy. 2. Which coagulation pathway is measured? | show 🗑
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| 1. disorder with hypersegmented neutrophils 2. Rh- mother exposed to Rh+ blood; next Rh+ pregnancy may have what disorder? What is the treatment | show 🗑
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| Clotting factor deficiency in: 1. Hemophilia A 2. Hemophilia B 3. Is prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time changed? | show 🗑
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| show | von Willebrand factor
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| 1. Where is fibrinogen made? 2. What happens to it after it enters the blood stream? 3. When is it released again? | show 🗑
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| 1. Which cells are in the lymphoid stem cell line? 2. How does aspirin effects clotting? | show 🗑
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| show | decreased production of hemoglobin
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| show | 1. < 80
2. > 100
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| 1. What is the pathophysiologic cause of megaloblastic macrocytic anemia? 2. What are the biological causes? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Anemia of chronic disease
2. Aplastic anemia
3. kidney disease (↓erythropoieten)
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| show | defective enzymes involved in heme synthesis
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| 1. genetic GpIb deficiency 2. genetic GpIIb/IIIa deficiency 3. antibodies against GpIIb/IIIa 4. ↓ ADAMTS13 involved in vWF degradation | show 🗑
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| What would PT and PTT in Vitamin K deficiency be? | show 🗑
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| Associated RBC pathology 1. acanthocyte (spur cell) 2. Basophilic stippling 3. Bite cell | show 🗑
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| Associated RBC pathology 1. iron-laden mitochondria forming ring around nucleus 2. Schistocyte, helmet cell 3. Spherocyte | show 🗑
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| show | 1. bone marrow infiltration (myelofibrosis)
2. Thalassemia
3. G6PD deficiency
4. asplenia
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| How do homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels change in: 1. folate deficiency 2. B12 deficiency | show 🗑
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| Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkins? 1. Reed Sternberg cells 2. low grade fever, night sweats, weight loss 3. associated with immunosuppression (HIV) 4. extranodal presentation 5. Bimodal distribution | show 🗑
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| show | 1. ↑ lymphocytes
2. nodular sclerosis
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| show | Ig light chains (κ or λ) in urine found in Multiple Myeloma
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| show | Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
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| Patient with back pain, anemia and M spike on protein electrophoresis. | show 🗑
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| 1. Which Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is associated with Epstein-Bar Virus? 2. A high reticulocyte count is usually indicative of ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. ALL
2. AML
3. AML, CML
4. CLL
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| show | 1. anemia
2. thrombocytopenia
3. acute renal failure
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| show | CML has:
1. negative leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
2. increased basophils
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| show | Kaposi's sarcoma and Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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| What is the difference between intravascular and extravascular hemolysis? | show 🗑
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| show | hereditary spherocytosis or thalassemia
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| Why does Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency lead to anemia? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. one of the hemolytic anemias → ↑ erythropoeisis
2. parvovirus B19 → aplastic crisis
3. Salmonella → osteomyelitis
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| What is the cause of Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)? | show 🗑
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| 1. Mutation involved in sickle cell. 2. Mutation involved in HbC defect. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2. mechanical destruction of RBCs in a microangiopathic anemia (DIC, TTP-HUS)
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| 1. Mechanism of action of abciximab 2. How does von Willebrand's disease effect PT and PTT tests? 3. Why is this result seen? | show 🗑
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| What mutation is involved in Polycythemia vera? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. activates antithrombin III
2. inhibits vitamin K
3. inhibits COX; prevents TXA2 synthesis
4. converts plasminogen to plasmin
5. block ADP receptor on platelet → inhibit fibrinogen binding
6. antibody binds IIb/IIIa reeptor on platelets
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| 1. Which coagulation factors are tested by prothrombin time? 2. Which coagulation factors are tested by partial thromboplastin time? 3. Which coagulation factors are carboxylated by vitamin K? | show 🗑
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| 1. Deletion of 1 α-gobulin genes 2. Deletion of 3 α-gobulin genes 3. Deletion of 2 α-gobulin genes 4. Deletion of 4 α-gobulin genes | show 🗑
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| 1. Heterozygate with under-produced β hemoglobin chain. 2. Homozygote with absent β hemoglobin chain. | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between a direct and indirect Coombs test? | show 🗑
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| Iron Lab values in anemia: 1. ↓ serum iron; ↑ TIBC; ↓ ferritin 2. ↓ serum iron; ↓ TIBC; ↑ ferritin 3. ↑ serum iron; ↓ TIBC; normal ferritin | show 🗑
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| show | only clotting component not produced in the liver; made by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes
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| Patient with CLL 1. now with lymph node involvement and generalized lymphadenopathy 2. transformation into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | show 🗑
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| show | 1. increased megakaryocyte sensitivity to growth factors
2. proliferation of abnormal bone marrow stem cells results in replacement with collagenous connective tissue
3. JAK2 mutation
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| 1. What two structures release vWF 2. What does vWF bind? | show 🗑
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| show | spleen (Immune thrombocytopenic purpura)
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| How does TTP lead to a hemolytic anemia? | show 🗑
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| Function of ristocetin in diagnosing a coagulopathy | show 🗑
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| Treatment for von Willebrand disease | show 🗑
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| Treatment for tissue plasminogen activator toxicity | show 🗑
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| What are the following values in tPA toxicity: 1. PT 2. PTT 3. bleeding time | show 🗑
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| show | alternating layers of platelets/fibrin and RBCs
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| Which deficiency increases risk for warfarin skin necrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Factor V Leiden (lacks cleavage site for protein C and S)
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| show | estrogen increases production of coagulation factors in liver
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| show | 1. extrinsic
2. intrinsic
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| Anemia, glossitis and dysphagia. | show 🗑
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| show | chronic disease results in production of acute phase reactants from liver, including hepcidin which sequesters iron in storage sites
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| show | defective protoporphyrin synthesis, the protein that combines with iron to form heme. Usually deficiency in the enzyme ALA Synthase or B6 metabolism.
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| What is the relationship between ferritin and TIBC? | show 🗑
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| Why are the thalassemias microcytic anemias while other hemobloginopathies are normocytic? | show 🗑
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| 1. HB Barts 2. HbH | show 🗑
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| How do target cells form in thalassemia? | show 🗑
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| show | pancreatic proteases detach B12 from R-binder so that it can bind intrinsic factor
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| 1. What is haptoglobin? 2. Does haptoglobin levels change with intra or extravascular hemolysis? | show 🗑
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| What do Howell-Jolly bodies form? | show 🗑
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| show | paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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| show | high IgM against RBCs associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV
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| The Hematopoietic stem cell contains which cluster of differentiation marking? | show 🗑
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| show | chronic myeloid leukemia
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| show | 1. crystal aggregates of myeloperoxidase
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
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| Mature B cells that are positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase | show 🗑
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| show | Mycosis Fungoides
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| What is the defect in follicular lymphoma? | show 🗑
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| What causes bone pain and hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Group O - do not have any antigens with which an immune response might be made
2. Group AB - no Ab’s to attack foreign blood antigens
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| Released by eosinophils in the defence against helminths. | show 🗑
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| 1. Coagulation factor carried by vWF 2. Which coagulation pathway is it found in? | show 🗑
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| Hemolytic anemia with an increased MCHC | show 🗑
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| show | increases synthesis of HbF
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| Which enzymes are inhibited by lead poisoning? | show 🗑
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| show | ALA synthase
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| show | 1. acute intermittent prophyria
2. deficient porphobilinogen deaminase
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| Blistering cutaneous photosensitivity. | show 🗑
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| How is hemolytic uremia syndrome distinguished from DIC using coagulation tests and bleeding time? | show 🗑
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| Patient with increased WBC and smudge cells on blood smear. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. overwork hypertrophy b/c of extramedulalry erythropoiesis
2. multiple splenic infarcts
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| 1. alcoholic with microcytic anemia 2. alcoholic with macrocytic anemia | show 🗑
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| Which type of anemia is caused by lead poisoning? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. menorrhagia
2. peptic ulcer disease
3. colorectal cancer
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| What is the cause of pernicious anemia? | show 🗑
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| show | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria; CD55 is Decay Accelerating Factor
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| show | Factor V (factor V leiden is mutated form that cannot be inactivated by protein C)
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| Elevated WBC count with immature myeloid stem cells and elevated neutrophil alkaline phosphatase. | show 🗑
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| show | desmopressin
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| show | Imatinib
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| Patient with immunoglobulin spike on protein electrophoresis without systemic manifestations. | show 🗑
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