wccvettech cardiovasular terms
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| mediastinum | between the left and right lungs
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| pericardium | epithelial tiss covering the outside
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| parietal pericardium | outermost and forms loose sac around the heart
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| visceral percardium (epicardium) | inntermost and is directly attached to heart muscle
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| myocardium | cardiac muscle layer
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| septum | myocardial wall that seperates the right and left of heart
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| endocardium | epithelial lining of the inside heart chambers
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| unidirectional valves | keep blood moving one way
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| A-V | atrioventricular valves
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| right A-V | tricuspid
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| left AV | bicuspid or mitral
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| chordae tendinae | free edges of the AV valves connection
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| papillary muscles | chordae tendinae attached
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| semilunar valves | ventricles are separated from major blood vessels
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| pulmonary semiluner valve | between RV and pulmonary artery
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| aortic semilunar valve | between LV and the aorta
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| circulatory system | aorta- arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - vena cava
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| systemic circulation | aorta - arterioles - capillaries-venules-veins-vena cava
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| vena cava | largest vein in the body
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| aorta | largest artery in the body
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| right heart circulation | vena cava - RA- rAV - RV -pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery
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| pulmonary circulation | pulmonary artery - pulmonary arterioles - pulmonary capillaries -alveolus
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| pulmonary exchange | simple diffusion capillaries to alveoli O2; capillaries to alveoli CO2
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| Left heart circulation | pulmonary veins - LA - LAV- LV - Aortic semilunar valve - aorta
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| cardiac conduction | S-A node - A-V node - Bundle of His - purkinje fibers
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| conduction myofibers | purkinje fibers
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| A-V bundle | His
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| A-V node | atrioventricular node
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| Systole | is the contraction of the chambers of the heart, driving blood out of the chambers
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| diastole | The time period when the heart is in a state of relaxation and dilatation (expansion).
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| Systolic pressure | systolic pressure is specifically the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
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| diastolic pressure | diastolic pressure is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart. Diastole is the time when the ventricles fill with blood.
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| heart sounds | caused by closing of valves
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| lub | AV valves close
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| dub | semilunar valves close
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| ECG | movement of electrical impulse thru the heart
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| P wave | small upward deflection; depolarization of the atria
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| QRS complex | large upward deflection; depolarization of the ventricles
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| T wave | small upward/downward deflection; repolarization of the ventricles
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| cardiac output | vol of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute
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| blood pressure | blood pushes against the walls of the vessels
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| resistance | force that opposes the flow of blood
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| vasoconstriction | greater resistance
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| vasodilation | lower resistance
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| mean arterial pressure | blood in the arteries over the entire cardiac cycle
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| dog bp | 120/70 sys/dias
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| cat bp | 140/90 sys/dias
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| Horse bp | 130/95 sys/dias
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| viscosity | thickness of the blood
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| Hepatic Portal circuloation | go thru the hepatic portal vein to the liver and returns to the heart via hepatic vein
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| Fetal circulation | bypass lungs, digestive tract, kidneys
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| ductus venosus | umbilical vein to the vena cava bypassing liver
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| foramen ovale | opening in septum between RA and LA bypass pulmonary circulation/closes after birth
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| ductus arteriosus | vess conn pulmonary artery an aorta, 2nd route for bypassing pulmonary circ; becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth
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| lympatic circulation | lymph filtration, removal of foreign particles, lymphocytes, absorb and transport of fats, return of intercellular fluids
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| cardiovascular disease | weakness or exercise intolerence, syncope, arrhythmia, pulmonary congestion, ascites, edema
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| syncope | loss of consciousness due to lack of blood flow to brain
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| arrhythmia | abnormality in the rate rhythm or site of origin of the heart impulse
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| pulmonary congestion | cough, dyspnea, crackles, cyanosis
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| dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing; shortness of breath
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| ascites | fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity
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| edema | fluid accumulation in intercellular spaces of tissue
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| PExam | MM, CRT, Jugular veins (distension, pulsing > 1/3) Pulse
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| Cardiac Ausculation | stethoscope, heart sounds, rate, rhythm, pulmonary sounds
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| Lub | 2 a-v valves at the same time
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| Dub | closure of the pulmonic and aortic semilunar valves
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| Murmurs grading | I - VI
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| murmurs | sounds caused by turbulence in the blood stream; leaking heart valves, enlarged hearts
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| machinery murmur | patent ductus arteriosus (ductus arteriosus does not close at birth
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| ECG | measure the depolarization of the heart
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| radiography | 2 views; DV and Right lateral
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| Echocardiography | is a diagnostic test which uses ultrasound waves to make images of the heart chambers, valves and surrounding structures
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| Heart failure | cardiac arrest
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| valve disease | mitral usual
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| thyrotoxicosis | hyperthyroidism
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| heartworm disease | blocks vessels
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| infection | bacteria; virus
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| dietary | carnitine (responsible for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria.) taurine (Taurine is essential for cat health, as a cat cannot synthesize the compound) taurine deficiency can cause feline dilated cardiomyopathy
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| hypertension | high blood pressure
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| Sinus arrhythmia | bradycardia tachycardia
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| DCM | dialted cardiomyopathy; common in large breed dogs, loss of contractility of heart muscle, chambers become dilated
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| thromboemblosim | Formation in a blood vessel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and is carried by the blood stream to plug another vessel. intravascular
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| embolism | The obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance or a blood clot blocking the vessel. Something travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a vessel and plugs it. distall
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| aneurysm | An aneurysm is a localized widening (dilatation) of an artery, vein, or the heart.
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| HCM | hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cats, walls of heart become less pliable, left ventricle usual, decrease cardiac output, secondary to hyperthyroidism
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| valve disease | one of the heart valves, decresase of cardiac output, CHF, mitral in dogs
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| endocarditis | inflammation of the heart muslce or valves, bacteria from blood stream infects area with defect
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| congenital | common in dogs, persistent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, pulmonic or arotic stenosis, tetralogy of fallout
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| diurectics | decrease venous congestion and fluid accumulation
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| Rx - diuretics | furosemide - Lasix
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| vasodilators | improve cardiac output and reduce edema
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| Rx vasoldialtors | arteriole dilators; Hydralazine - Venodilators; nitroglycerin transdermal - Mixed; angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors; enalapril-enacard, captopril - capoten
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| vasodilators adverse | hypotension, gi upset, decreased renal function, hyperkalema (potassium)
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| Positive inotropic drugs | increase the force of contraction of the heart
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| Rx inotropic drugs | digoxin - cardoxin; digitalis, digitoxin; dopamine, dobutamine
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| inotropic drugs adverse | arrhythmias and myocardial toxicity
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| Diuretics adverse | excessive fluid, electrolyte losses
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| Antiarrhythmic | suppress abnormal heart rhthym, type of arrhythmia determines drug
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| ventricular arrhythmias (PVC's | Lidocaine
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| Procainamide | premature ventricular contractions
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| propanolol | beta blocker ;slows the heart rate and overrides sympathetic tones
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| diltiazem, verapamil | calcium blockers, vasodilation and slow heart rate
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| atropine, glycopyrrolate | anticholinergics, block vagal effect, increase heart rate
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| isoproterenol | sympathomimetic; mimics effect of the sympathetic nervous sys, similar to epinephrine
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| epinephrine | Technically speaking, epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. It causes quickening of the heart beat, strengthens the force of the heart's contraction, opens up the airways (bronchioles) in the lungs and has numerous other effects. The secretion o
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| beta blockers | Beta blockers are a class of drugs that block beta-adrenergic substances such as adrenaline (epinephrine), a key agent in the "sympathetic" portion of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system and activation of heart muscle.
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| calcium blockers | dilitiazem (vasoldilation and slow HR)
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| anticholinergics | atropine, glycopyrrolate (block vagal effect increasing HR)
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| sympathomimetic | isoproterenol (mimics sympathetic NS eg: epinephrine)
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