General Terms and definitions
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| cyanosis | A bluish discoloration of the tisue
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| phlegm | Mucus from the tracheobronchial tree that has not been contaminated by oral secretion
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| crackles | airflow causes movement of excessive secretions or fluid in the airways
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| tachy | Abnormally elevated
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| subcutaneous | Beneath the skin
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| Tachycardia | a condition in which the pulse rate exceeds 100 beats/minute
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| sputum | Mucus from the respiratory tract that has passed through the mouth
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| brady | Abnormally decreased
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| adventitious lung sounds | abnormal lung sounds susperimposed on the basic underlying breath sounds
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| Bradycardia | a condition in which the pulse rate is less than 50 beats/minute
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| pedal edema | swelling of the lower extremities
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| cough | one of the most common symptoms seen in patients with pulmonary disease
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| orthodeoxia | oxygen desaturation on assuming an upright position
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| orthopnea | dyspnea is present only when the patient assumes the reclining position
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| platypnea | shortness of breath in the upright position
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| hypothermia | a body temperature bbelow normal
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| hematemesis | vomiting blood from the gastrointestinal tract
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| diastolic pressure | force in the major arteries remaining after relaxation of the ventricles
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| systolic pressure | peak force exerted in the major arteries during contraction of the left ventricle
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| hypotension | blood pressure less than 95/60 mm Hg
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| kussmaul's sign | under abnormal conditions the JVP may rise during inhalation
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| brochophony | an increase in the intensity and clarity of vocal resonance produced by enhanced transmission of vocal vibrations
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| bradypnea | slow respiratory rate
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| postural hypotension | individuals sit or stand up have an abrupt fall in the blood pressure in hypovolemic patients
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| pulsus paradoxus | a significant decrease in pulse strength during spontaneous inhalation
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| stridor | loud high-pitched sound which sometimes can be heard without a stethoscope
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| jugular venous distention | jugular vein is enlarged and it can be seen more than 3 ot 4 cm above the sternal angle, most common cause is right sided heart failure
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| fetid | sputum that is foul smelling
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| syncope | fainting
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| hypertension | blood pressure is persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
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| purulent | sputum that contains pus cells
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| Pulsus alternans | an alternating succession of strong and weak pulses (suggests left sided heart failure)
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| Diaphoresis | sweating
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| tachypnea | abnormally high respiratory rate
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| hemoptysis | coughing up blood or blood-streaked sputum from the lungs
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| dyspnea | shortness of breath as perceived by the patient
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| febrile | Temperature elevation caused by disease is called fever and is said to be febrile
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| Fever | an elevated body temperature due to disease
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| tripodding | a patient sits upright while bracing his or her elbows on a table
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| sensorium | patients orientation to time, place, and person
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| hyperthermia | a body temperature above normal
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| pulse pressure | pulse strength or amplitude
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| lymphadenopathy | enlarged lymph nodes
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| barrel chest | abnormal increase in AP(Anterior posterior) diameter
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| retractions | intermittent sinking inward of the skin overlying the chest wall during inspiration
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| kussmaul breathing | patients with diabetic ketoacidosis often breathe with a deep and rapid pattern
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| hoovers sign | contraction of a flat diaphragm tend to draw in the lateral costal margins instead of expanding them
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| abdominal paradox | recognized by inward movement of the anterior abdominal wall during inspiratory efforts and is seen best with the patient in the supine position
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| respiratory alternans | pattern of breathing in which the patient alternates between having the accessory muscles dominate for a brief period (a few minutes) followed by a period in which the accessory muscles rest and the diaphragm takes over
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| vocal fremitus | refers to the vibrations created by the vocal cords during speech
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| tactile fremitus | vocal vibrations are felt on the chest wall
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| subcutaneous emphysema | air leaks from the lung into subcutaneous tissues, fine air bubbles produce a crackling sound and sensation when palpated
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| adventitious lung sounds | added sounds or vibrations produced by the movement of air through abnormal airways
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| wheeze | continouse type of ALS
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| heave | systolic thrust that is felt and possibly visualized near the lower left sternal border
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| thrills | palpable vibrations
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| gallop rhythm | the patient with heart disease who has an S3 and S4
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| murmurs | when the heart valves are incompetent or stenotic
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| pulse deficit | the apical rate is higher than the peripheral pulse
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| hepatomegaly | enlarged liver
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| clubbing | painless enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes which develop over time
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| adrenergic | drug that stimulates a receptor responding to epinephrine or norepinephrine "Sympathetic"
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| antiadrenergic | drug that blocks a receptor for epinephrine or norepinephrine "parasympathetic"
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| cholinergic | drug that stimulates a receptor for acetylcholine "parasympathetic"
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| anticholinergic | drug that blocks a receptor for acetylcholine receptors specifically at parasympathetic nerve ending sites
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| muscarinic | drug that stimulates acetylcholine receptors specifically at parasympathetic nerve ending sites
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