Final
Help!
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| Ionizing Radiation | x-rays and gamma rays
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| Nonionizing Radiation | all radiation on electromagnetic spectrum UV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radiowaves
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| Particulate Radiation | Very fast moving particles. Alpha, Beta (electrons), Fast neutrons, protons
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | travel at the velocity of light (186,00 mi/sec)
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| Terrestrial Radiation | Natural background radiation from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth
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| Cosmic Radiation | Natural background radiation from the sun (solar) and beyond the solar system
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| Internal from radionuclides | Radioactive atoms that make up a small percentage of the body's tissues
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| 55% of gross exposure to humans | radon
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| LET | Linear Energy Transfer (deposit energy)
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| ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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| As intensity increases | Ionization increases
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| As intensity decreases | Ionization decreases
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| R stands for | Roentgen-the USA unit of ionization
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| RAD stands for | Radiation Absorbed Dose- traditional unit in USA
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| Gy stands for | SI unit of RAD
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| 100 RAD equals | 1 Gy or 100 REM
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| Equivalent dose is | Radiation Equivalent in Men (REM)
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| If LET is high | Quality factor is high
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| If LET is low | QF is low
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| The QF for x ray is | 1
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| The QF for Beta is | 1
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| The QF for Alpha is | 20
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| The QF for Neutron is | 5
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| SI unit for equivalent dose | Sievert (SV)
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| 100 REM equals | 1 SV
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| Somatic effects | Effects on the body related to RAD
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| Short term somatic effects | erytherma (red skin), nausia, diarrhea, epilation (hair loss), fever, blood disorders
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| Long term somatic effects | cancers, cataracts, birth defects
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| Genetic effects | Damage to sperm or ovum
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| What kind of emitter is Radon? | Alpha emitter-high LET high QF (20)
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| Higher elevations Lower elevations | Intensity is higher
Intensity is lower
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| Quantity is the same as | intensity
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| Radionuclide | An unstable nucleus that emits one of more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability
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| Exposure (X) | As the intensity of xray exposure of the air volume increases,k the number of electron-ion pairs produced also increases
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| How to measure exposure | Geiger counter
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| The SI unit for Electrical Charge | Coulomb
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| Absorbed Dose (D) | Responsible for biologic damage resulting from the tissues exposed to radiation
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| The z number (atomic #) determines | Amount of absorption (high z = high absorption)
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| The QF for Fast Neutrons is | 20
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| Equivalent dose | THe product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factor chosen for the type of energy of the radiation in question
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| Annual occupational exposure | 5 REM (50 mSv)
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| Cumulative occupational exposure | 1 REM x Age (10mSv x age)
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| BERT | Background Equivalent Radiation Time
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| Personnel dosimeter | Determines occupational exposure
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| Placement of personnel dosimeter | front of the body at collar level
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| TLD Ring Badge | worn as a 2nd monitor for people handling nuclear medicine
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| Film badges | record the whole body radiation exposure accumulated at a low rate over a long period of time
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| Personal monitoring report | lists the deep, eye, and shallow occupational exposure of each person
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| RSO | Radiation Safety Officer (monitor film badges)
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| Three mile island | 1979 radioactive reactor core overheated (no health problems occured)
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| Chernobyl | Ukraine 1986 an explosion -many deaths from radiation exposure
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| What type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? | Alpha
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| Mental retardation caused by exposure of the fetus in the uterus is considered what? | A somatic effect
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| Monthly film badge reports provide users with what? | year to date and cumulative
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| Intermittent/Pulsed Fluoroscopy | manual activation by fluoroscopist. decreases patient dose and helps extend the life of the tube
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| entrance skin exposure rate for fluoroscope | 10 roentgens (R) per min
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| High level control (HLC) skin entrance exposure rate | 20 R/min
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| 10 days after first day of menstruation | when abdominal xrays are permitted for women of childbearing age
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| NCRP | National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements- permit diagnostic imaging personnel to receive the annual dose (5 REM)
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| Repeat examinations | should be avoided to eliminate additional occupational exposure
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| Patient is a source of | scattered radiation
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| Scattered x ray intensity is ___ of the intensity of primary xray | 1/1000
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| PBL | Positive Beam Limitation- restricts the size of the radiographic beam
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| Monthly EqD of embryo-fetus | 0.05 REM
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| Three basic principles of radiation protection | time, distance, shielding
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| Film badge is not | the most accurate personal monitoring device
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| RAD x QF= | REM
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| APR | Anatomically Programmed Radiography- does dosage for you when pressing buttons
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| Dead man's switch | have to press it the whole time... limit is 5 mins
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| never stand in the path of | primary beam
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