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Rad Protection
Final
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Ionizing Radiation | x-rays and gamma rays |
Nonionizing Radiation | all radiation on electromagnetic spectrum UV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radiowaves |
Particulate Radiation | Very fast moving particles. Alpha, Beta (electrons), Fast neutrons, protons |
Electromagnetic Spectrum | travel at the velocity of light (186,00 mi/sec) |
Terrestrial Radiation | Natural background radiation from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth |
Cosmic Radiation | Natural background radiation from the sun (solar) and beyond the solar system |
Internal from radionuclides | Radioactive atoms that make up a small percentage of the body's tissues |
55% of gross exposure to humans | radon |
LET | Linear Energy Transfer (deposit energy) |
ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
As intensity increases | Ionization increases |
As intensity decreases | Ionization decreases |
R stands for | Roentgen-the USA unit of ionization |
RAD stands for | Radiation Absorbed Dose- traditional unit in USA |
Gy stands for | SI unit of RAD |
100 RAD equals | 1 Gy or 100 REM |
Equivalent dose is | Radiation Equivalent in Men (REM) |
If LET is high | Quality factor is high |
If LET is low | QF is low |
The QF for x ray is | 1 |
The QF for Beta is | 1 |
The QF for Alpha is | 20 |
The QF for Neutron is | 5 |
SI unit for equivalent dose | Sievert (SV) |
100 REM equals | 1 SV |
Somatic effects | Effects on the body related to RAD |
Short term somatic effects | erytherma (red skin), nausia, diarrhea, epilation (hair loss), fever, blood disorders |
Long term somatic effects | cancers, cataracts, birth defects |
Genetic effects | Damage to sperm or ovum |
What kind of emitter is Radon? | Alpha emitter-high LET high QF (20) |
Higher elevations Lower elevations | Intensity is higher Intensity is lower |
Quantity is the same as | intensity |
Radionuclide | An unstable nucleus that emits one of more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability |
Exposure (X) | As the intensity of xray exposure of the air volume increases,k the number of electron-ion pairs produced also increases |
How to measure exposure | Geiger counter |
The SI unit for Electrical Charge | Coulomb |
Absorbed Dose (D) | Responsible for biologic damage resulting from the tissues exposed to radiation |
The z number (atomic #) determines | Amount of absorption (high z = high absorption) |
The QF for Fast Neutrons is | 20 |
Equivalent dose | THe product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factor chosen for the type of energy of the radiation in question |
Annual occupational exposure | 5 REM (50 mSv) |
Cumulative occupational exposure | 1 REM x Age (10mSv x age) |
BERT | Background Equivalent Radiation Time |
Personnel dosimeter | Determines occupational exposure |
Placement of personnel dosimeter | front of the body at collar level |
TLD Ring Badge | worn as a 2nd monitor for people handling nuclear medicine |
Film badges | record the whole body radiation exposure accumulated at a low rate over a long period of time |
Personal monitoring report | lists the deep, eye, and shallow occupational exposure of each person |
RSO | Radiation Safety Officer (monitor film badges) |
Three mile island | 1979 radioactive reactor core overheated (no health problems occured) |
Chernobyl | Ukraine 1986 an explosion -many deaths from radiation exposure |
What type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? | Alpha |
Mental retardation caused by exposure of the fetus in the uterus is considered what? | A somatic effect |
Monthly film badge reports provide users with what? | year to date and cumulative |
Intermittent/Pulsed Fluoroscopy | manual activation by fluoroscopist. decreases patient dose and helps extend the life of the tube |
entrance skin exposure rate for fluoroscope | 10 roentgens (R) per min |
High level control (HLC) skin entrance exposure rate | 20 R/min |
10 days after first day of menstruation | when abdominal xrays are permitted for women of childbearing age |
NCRP | National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements- permit diagnostic imaging personnel to receive the annual dose (5 REM) |
Repeat examinations | should be avoided to eliminate additional occupational exposure |
Patient is a source of | scattered radiation |
Scattered x ray intensity is ___ of the intensity of primary xray | 1/1000 |
PBL | Positive Beam Limitation- restricts the size of the radiographic beam |
Monthly EqD of embryo-fetus | 0.05 REM |
Three basic principles of radiation protection | time, distance, shielding |
Film badge is not | the most accurate personal monitoring device |
RAD x QF= | REM |
APR | Anatomically Programmed Radiography- does dosage for you when pressing buttons |
Dead man's switch | have to press it the whole time... limit is 5 mins |
never stand in the path of | primary beam |