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Rad Protection
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ionizing Radiation | x-rays and gamma rays |
| Nonionizing Radiation | all radiation on electromagnetic spectrum UV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radiowaves |
| Particulate Radiation | Very fast moving particles. Alpha, Beta (electrons), Fast neutrons, protons |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | travel at the velocity of light (186,00 mi/sec) |
| Terrestrial Radiation | Natural background radiation from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth |
| Cosmic Radiation | Natural background radiation from the sun (solar) and beyond the solar system |
| Internal from radionuclides | Radioactive atoms that make up a small percentage of the body's tissues |
| 55% of gross exposure to humans | radon |
| LET | Linear Energy Transfer (deposit energy) |
| ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| As intensity increases | Ionization increases |
| As intensity decreases | Ionization decreases |
| R stands for | Roentgen-the USA unit of ionization |
| RAD stands for | Radiation Absorbed Dose- traditional unit in USA |
| Gy stands for | SI unit of RAD |
| 100 RAD equals | 1 Gy or 100 REM |
| Equivalent dose is | Radiation Equivalent in Men (REM) |
| If LET is high | Quality factor is high |
| If LET is low | QF is low |
| The QF for x ray is | 1 |
| The QF for Beta is | 1 |
| The QF for Alpha is | 20 |
| The QF for Neutron is | 5 |
| SI unit for equivalent dose | Sievert (SV) |
| 100 REM equals | 1 SV |
| Somatic effects | Effects on the body related to RAD |
| Short term somatic effects | erytherma (red skin), nausia, diarrhea, epilation (hair loss), fever, blood disorders |
| Long term somatic effects | cancers, cataracts, birth defects |
| Genetic effects | Damage to sperm or ovum |
| What kind of emitter is Radon? | Alpha emitter-high LET high QF (20) |
| Higher elevations Lower elevations | Intensity is higher Intensity is lower |
| Quantity is the same as | intensity |
| Radionuclide | An unstable nucleus that emits one of more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability |
| Exposure (X) | As the intensity of xray exposure of the air volume increases,k the number of electron-ion pairs produced also increases |
| How to measure exposure | Geiger counter |
| The SI unit for Electrical Charge | Coulomb |
| Absorbed Dose (D) | Responsible for biologic damage resulting from the tissues exposed to radiation |
| The z number (atomic #) determines | Amount of absorption (high z = high absorption) |
| The QF for Fast Neutrons is | 20 |
| Equivalent dose | THe product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factor chosen for the type of energy of the radiation in question |
| Annual occupational exposure | 5 REM (50 mSv) |
| Cumulative occupational exposure | 1 REM x Age (10mSv x age) |
| BERT | Background Equivalent Radiation Time |
| Personnel dosimeter | Determines occupational exposure |
| Placement of personnel dosimeter | front of the body at collar level |
| TLD Ring Badge | worn as a 2nd monitor for people handling nuclear medicine |
| Film badges | record the whole body radiation exposure accumulated at a low rate over a long period of time |
| Personal monitoring report | lists the deep, eye, and shallow occupational exposure of each person |
| RSO | Radiation Safety Officer (monitor film badges) |
| Three mile island | 1979 radioactive reactor core overheated (no health problems occured) |
| Chernobyl | Ukraine 1986 an explosion -many deaths from radiation exposure |
| What type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? | Alpha |
| Mental retardation caused by exposure of the fetus in the uterus is considered what? | A somatic effect |
| Monthly film badge reports provide users with what? | year to date and cumulative |
| Intermittent/Pulsed Fluoroscopy | manual activation by fluoroscopist. decreases patient dose and helps extend the life of the tube |
| entrance skin exposure rate for fluoroscope | 10 roentgens (R) per min |
| High level control (HLC) skin entrance exposure rate | 20 R/min |
| 10 days after first day of menstruation | when abdominal xrays are permitted for women of childbearing age |
| NCRP | National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements- permit diagnostic imaging personnel to receive the annual dose (5 REM) |
| Repeat examinations | should be avoided to eliminate additional occupational exposure |
| Patient is a source of | scattered radiation |
| Scattered x ray intensity is ___ of the intensity of primary xray | 1/1000 |
| PBL | Positive Beam Limitation- restricts the size of the radiographic beam |
| Monthly EqD of embryo-fetus | 0.05 REM |
| Three basic principles of radiation protection | time, distance, shielding |
| Film badge is not | the most accurate personal monitoring device |
| RAD x QF= | REM |
| APR | Anatomically Programmed Radiography- does dosage for you when pressing buttons |
| Dead man's switch | have to press it the whole time... limit is 5 mins |
| never stand in the path of | primary beam |
Created by:
brittseiler3