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Question

Ionizing Radiation
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Nonionizing Radiation
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Rad Protection

Final

QuestionAnswer
Ionizing Radiation x-rays and gamma rays
Nonionizing Radiation all radiation on electromagnetic spectrum UV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, radiowaves
Particulate Radiation Very fast moving particles. Alpha, Beta (electrons), Fast neutrons, protons
Electromagnetic Spectrum travel at the velocity of light (186,00 mi/sec)
Terrestrial Radiation Natural background radiation from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth
Cosmic Radiation Natural background radiation from the sun (solar) and beyond the solar system
Internal from radionuclides Radioactive atoms that make up a small percentage of the body's tissues
55% of gross exposure to humans radon
LET Linear Energy Transfer (deposit energy)
ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable
As intensity increases Ionization increases
As intensity decreases Ionization decreases
R stands for Roentgen-the USA unit of ionization
RAD stands for Radiation Absorbed Dose- traditional unit in USA
Gy stands for SI unit of RAD
100 RAD equals 1 Gy or 100 REM
Equivalent dose is Radiation Equivalent in Men (REM)
If LET is high Quality factor is high
If LET is low QF is low
The QF for x ray is 1
The QF for Beta is 1
The QF for Alpha is 20
The QF for Neutron is 5
SI unit for equivalent dose Sievert (SV)
100 REM equals 1 SV
Somatic effects Effects on the body related to RAD
Short term somatic effects erytherma (red skin), nausia, diarrhea, epilation (hair loss), fever, blood disorders
Long term somatic effects cancers, cataracts, birth defects
Genetic effects Damage to sperm or ovum
What kind of emitter is Radon? Alpha emitter-high LET high QF (20)
Higher elevations Lower elevations Intensity is higher Intensity is lower
Quantity is the same as intensity
Radionuclide An unstable nucleus that emits one of more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability
Exposure (X) As the intensity of xray exposure of the air volume increases,k the number of electron-ion pairs produced also increases
How to measure exposure Geiger counter
The SI unit for Electrical Charge Coulomb
Absorbed Dose (D) Responsible for biologic damage resulting from the tissues exposed to radiation
The z number (atomic #) determines Amount of absorption (high z = high absorption)
The QF for Fast Neutrons is 20
Equivalent dose THe product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated radiation weighting factor chosen for the type of energy of the radiation in question
Annual occupational exposure 5 REM (50 mSv)
Cumulative occupational exposure 1 REM x Age (10mSv x age)
BERT Background Equivalent Radiation Time
Personnel dosimeter Determines occupational exposure
Placement of personnel dosimeter front of the body at collar level
TLD Ring Badge worn as a 2nd monitor for people handling nuclear medicine
Film badges record the whole body radiation exposure accumulated at a low rate over a long period of time
Personal monitoring report lists the deep, eye, and shallow occupational exposure of each person
RSO Radiation Safety Officer (monitor film badges)
Three mile island 1979 radioactive reactor core overheated (no health problems occured)
Chernobyl Ukraine 1986 an explosion -many deaths from radiation exposure
What type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? Alpha
Mental retardation caused by exposure of the fetus in the uterus is considered what? A somatic effect
Monthly film badge reports provide users with what? year to date and cumulative
Intermittent/Pulsed Fluoroscopy manual activation by fluoroscopist. decreases patient dose and helps extend the life of the tube
entrance skin exposure rate for fluoroscope 10 roentgens (R) per min
High level control (HLC) skin entrance exposure rate 20 R/min
10 days after first day of menstruation when abdominal xrays are permitted for women of childbearing age
NCRP National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements- permit diagnostic imaging personnel to receive the annual dose (5 REM)
Repeat examinations should be avoided to eliminate additional occupational exposure
Patient is a source of scattered radiation
Scattered x ray intensity is ___ of the intensity of primary xray 1/1000
PBL Positive Beam Limitation- restricts the size of the radiographic beam
Monthly EqD of embryo-fetus 0.05 REM
Three basic principles of radiation protection time, distance, shielding
Film badge is not the most accurate personal monitoring device
RAD x QF= REM
APR Anatomically Programmed Radiography- does dosage for you when pressing buttons
Dead man's switch have to press it the whole time... limit is 5 mins
never stand in the path of primary beam
Created by: brittseiler3
 

 



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