Leach Sociology Terms Chapter 4
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| social structure | network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction
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| status | socially defined position in a group or in a society
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| role | behavior-the rights and obligations-expected of someone occupying a particular status
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| ascribed status | status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control
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| achieved status | status acquired by an individual on the bases of some special skill, knowledge, or ability
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| master status | status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity
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| reciprocal roles | corresponding roles that define the patterns of intraction between related statuses
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| role expectations | socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role
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| role performance | actual behavior of a person performing a role
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| role set | different roles attached to a single status
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| role conflict | situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes is difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role
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| role strain | situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role
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| social institution | system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
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| exchange | individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions
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| reciprocity | idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return
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| exchange theory | theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people
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| competition | interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
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| cooperation | interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people
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| accommodation | state of ballance between cooperation and conflict
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| group | set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who posses some degree of common identity
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| subsistence strategies | ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members
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| preindustrial society | type of society in which food production-carried out through the use of human and animal labor-is the main economic activity
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| hunting and gathering societies | type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence
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| pastoral society | type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence
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| division of labor | specialization by individuals or goroups in the performance of specific economic activities
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| horticultural society | type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plots as the main form of subsistence
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| agricultural society | type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields
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| barter | practice of exchanging one good for another
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| industrial societies | type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity
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| urbanization | concentration of the population in cities
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| postindustrial society | type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services
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| mechanical solidarity | close-knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks
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| organic solidarity | impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization
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| Gemeinschaft | societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family and the community
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| Gesellschaft | societies in which social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion, relationships are impersonal and temporary, and idividual goals are more important than group goals
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| aggregate | group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction
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| social category | group of peope who share a common trait or status
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| dyad | group with two members
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| triad | three person group
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| small group | group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis
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| formal group | a group in which the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined
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| informal group | a group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct
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| primary group | small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis
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| secondary group | group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
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| reference group | any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt
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| in-group | group that an individual belongs to and identifies with
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| out-group | any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with
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| e-community | a community of people who interact through the internet or other electronic communication
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| social network | web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people
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| instrumental leaders | leaders who are task-oriented
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| expressive leaders | leaders who are emotion-oriented
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| formal organization | large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
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| bureaucracy | ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
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| rationality | the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control
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| voluntary association | nonprofit association formed to pursue some common interest
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| iron law of oligarchy | tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
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