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Leach Soc Chapter 4
Leach Sociology Terms Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social structure | network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction |
| status | socially defined position in a group or in a society |
| role | behavior-the rights and obligations-expected of someone occupying a particular status |
| ascribed status | status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control |
| achieved status | status acquired by an individual on the bases of some special skill, knowledge, or ability |
| master status | status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity |
| reciprocal roles | corresponding roles that define the patterns of intraction between related statuses |
| role expectations | socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role |
| role performance | actual behavior of a person performing a role |
| role set | different roles attached to a single status |
| role conflict | situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes is difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role |
| role strain | situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role |
| social institution | system of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society |
| exchange | individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions |
| reciprocity | idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return |
| exchange theory | theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people |
| competition | interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain |
| cooperation | interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people |
| accommodation | state of ballance between cooperation and conflict |
| group | set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who posses some degree of common identity |
| subsistence strategies | ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members |
| preindustrial society | type of society in which food production-carried out through the use of human and animal labor-is the main economic activity |
| hunting and gathering societies | type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence |
| pastoral society | type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence |
| division of labor | specialization by individuals or goroups in the performance of specific economic activities |
| horticultural society | type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plots as the main form of subsistence |
| agricultural society | type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields |
| barter | practice of exchanging one good for another |
| industrial societies | type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity |
| urbanization | concentration of the population in cities |
| postindustrial society | type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services |
| mechanical solidarity | close-knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks |
| organic solidarity | impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization |
| Gemeinschaft | societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family and the community |
| Gesellschaft | societies in which social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion, relationships are impersonal and temporary, and idividual goals are more important than group goals |
| aggregate | group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction |
| social category | group of peope who share a common trait or status |
| dyad | group with two members |
| triad | three person group |
| small group | group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis |
| formal group | a group in which the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined |
| informal group | a group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct |
| primary group | small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis |
| secondary group | group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature |
| reference group | any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt |
| in-group | group that an individual belongs to and identifies with |
| out-group | any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with |
| e-community | a community of people who interact through the internet or other electronic communication |
| social network | web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people |
| instrumental leaders | leaders who are task-oriented |
| expressive leaders | leaders who are emotion-oriented |
| formal organization | large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals |
| bureaucracy | ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures |
| rationality | the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control |
| voluntary association | nonprofit association formed to pursue some common interest |
| iron law of oligarchy | tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people |
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