A concise introduction to logic 11th edition -- Ch1 vocab
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| logic | the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments
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| argument | a group of statements, one or more of which are claimed to provide support for on of the others.
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| statement | a sentence that is either true or false
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| truth values | whether a sentence is true or false
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| premises | the statements that set for the reasons or evidence
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| conclusion | the statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply
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| conclusion indicators | indicator words that provide clues in identifying the conclusion
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| premise indicators | indicator words that provide clues in identifying the premise
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| inference | used interchangeably with "argument"
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| proposition | the meaning or information content of a statement
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| syllogistic logic | a kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument
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| modal logic | logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt.
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| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who devised a systematic criteria for analyzing and evaluating arguments. Also, syllogistic logic and modal logic.
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| Chrysippus | Greek philosopher who developed a logic in which the fundamental elements were whole propositions.
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| Peter Abelard | distinguished arguments that are valid because of their form from those that are valid because of their content, but he held only formal validity is the "perfect" or conclusive variety.
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| Peter of Spain | Wrote Summulae Logicales
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| Leibniz | Developed a symbolic language ("calculus") that could settle all disputes from theology to philosophy.
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| Charles Sanders Peirce | Developed a logic of relations, invented symbolic quantifiers, and suggested the truth-table method.
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| Factual claim | A statement that must claim to present evidence or reasons.
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| Inferential claim | A claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something.
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| Explicit inferential claim | Asserted by premise or indicator words.
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| Implicit inferential claim | Exists if there is an inferential relationship between the statements in a passage, but the passage contains no indicator words.
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| warning | a form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation
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| piece of advice | a form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct
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| statement of belief or opinion | an expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something
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| loosely associated statements | may be about the same general subject, but they lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others.
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| report | consists of a group of statements that convey information about some topic or event
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| expository passage | a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence.
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| illustration | an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done
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| arguments from example | illustrations that can be taken as arguments
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| explanation | an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon
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| explanandum | the statement that describes the event or phenomenon
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| explans | the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining
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| conditional statements | "if... then..." statement
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| antecedent | the component immediately following "if..." in a conditional statement
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| consequent | the component immediately following "then..." in a conditional statement
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| sufficient condition | When the occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B.
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| necessary condition | Whenever A cannot occur without the occurence of B.
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| deductive argument | an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
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| Inductive argument | an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
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| argument based on mathematics | an argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement
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| argument from definition | an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion
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| categorical syllogism | a syllogism in which each statement begins with "all" "no" or "some."
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| hypothetical syllogism | a syllogism having a conditional "if... then..." statement for one or both of its premises
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| disjunctive syllogism | having an "either... or..." statement.
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| prediction | an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future
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| argument from analogy | an argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or, similarity, between two things or state of affairs
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| generalization | an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group.
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| argument from authority | an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is.
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| argument based on signs | an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes.
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| casual inference | an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or, conversely, from knowledge of an effect to claim about a cause.
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| particular statement | one that makes a claim about one more particular members of a class
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| general statement | makes a claim about all the members of a class
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| valid deductive argument | an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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| invalid deductive argument | a deductive argument in which it IS possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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| sound argument | a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises
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| unsound argument | a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both.
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| strong inductive argument | an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises
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| cogent argument | an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises
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| uncogent argument | an inductive argument that is weak, has one more more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement, or any combination of these.
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| argument form | the arrangement and inclusion of premises and conclusion within the argument
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| counterexample method | a substitution instance having true premises and false conclusion
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| cognitive meaning | terminology that conveys information
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| emotive meaning | terminology the expresses or evokes feeling
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| value claim | a claim that something is good, bad, right, wrong, worse, or better
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| vague expression | an expression that allows for borderline cases in which it is impossible to tell if the expression applies or does not apply.
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| ambiguous expression | an expression that can be interpreted as having more than one clearly distinct meaning in a given context
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| intensional meaning | consists of the qualities or attributes that a term connotates
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| term | any word or arrangement of words that may serve as the subject of a statement
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| extensional meaning | consists of the members of a class that the term denotes
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| connotation | the intentional meaning of a word
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| donatation | extensional meaning of a word
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| conventional connotation | the attributes that the term commonly calls forth in the mind of competent speakers of the language
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| empty extension | denotes the empty class that has no members
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| increasing intention | when each term except the first connotes more attributes than the one preceding it
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| decreasing intention | when each term except the first connotes less attributes than the one preceding it
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| increasing extension | when each term in the series except the firstr denotes a class having more members that the class denotes by the term preceding it.
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| decreasing extension | when each term in the series except the first denotes a class having less members that the class denotes by the term preceding it.
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| definition | a group of words that assigns a meaning to some word or group of words
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| definiendum | the word or group of words that is supposed to be defined
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| definiens | the word or group of word that does the defining
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| stipulative definition | assigns a meaning to a word for the first time
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| lexical definition | used to report the meaning that a word has in a language
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| precising definition | used to reduce vagueness of a word
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| theoretical definition | assigns a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes
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| persuasive definition | engenders a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward what is denotes by the definiendum
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| extensional definition | assigns a meaning to a term indicating the members of the class that the definiendum denotes
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| demonstrative definitions | the most primitive form of definition
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| enumerative definitions | assign a meaning to a term by naming the members of the class the term denotes
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| definition by subclass | assigns a meaning to a term by naming subclasses of the class denoted by the term
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| intentional definition | one that assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotates
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| synonymous definition | in which the definiens is a single word that connotes the same attributes as the definiendum
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| etymological definition | assigns a meaning to a word by disclosing the word's ancestry in both its own language and other languages
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| operational definition | assigns a meaning to a word by specifying cerain experimental procedure that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing
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| definition by genus and difference | assigns a meaning to a term by identifying a genus term and one or more difference words that, when combined, convey the meaning of the term being defined
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