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Crit Th Ch1
A concise introduction to logic 11th edition -- Ch1 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| logic | the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments |
| argument | a group of statements, one or more of which are claimed to provide support for on of the others. |
| statement | a sentence that is either true or false |
| truth values | whether a sentence is true or false |
| premises | the statements that set for the reasons or evidence |
| conclusion | the statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply |
| conclusion indicators | indicator words that provide clues in identifying the conclusion |
| premise indicators | indicator words that provide clues in identifying the premise |
| inference | used interchangeably with "argument" |
| proposition | the meaning or information content of a statement |
| syllogistic logic | a kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument |
| modal logic | logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt. |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who devised a systematic criteria for analyzing and evaluating arguments. Also, syllogistic logic and modal logic. |
| Chrysippus | Greek philosopher who developed a logic in which the fundamental elements were whole propositions. |
| Peter Abelard | distinguished arguments that are valid because of their form from those that are valid because of their content, but he held only formal validity is the "perfect" or conclusive variety. |
| Peter of Spain | Wrote Summulae Logicales |
| Leibniz | Developed a symbolic language ("calculus") that could settle all disputes from theology to philosophy. |
| Charles Sanders Peirce | Developed a logic of relations, invented symbolic quantifiers, and suggested the truth-table method. |
| Factual claim | A statement that must claim to present evidence or reasons. |
| Inferential claim | A claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something. |
| Explicit inferential claim | Asserted by premise or indicator words. |
| Implicit inferential claim | Exists if there is an inferential relationship between the statements in a passage, but the passage contains no indicator words. |
| warning | a form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation |
| piece of advice | a form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct |
| statement of belief or opinion | an expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something |
| loosely associated statements | may be about the same general subject, but they lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others. |
| report | consists of a group of statements that convey information about some topic or event |
| expository passage | a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. |
| illustration | an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done |
| arguments from example | illustrations that can be taken as arguments |
| explanation | an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon |
| explanandum | the statement that describes the event or phenomenon |
| explans | the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining |
| conditional statements | "if... then..." statement |
| antecedent | the component immediately following "if..." in a conditional statement |
| consequent | the component immediately following "then..." in a conditional statement |
| sufficient condition | When the occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B. |
| necessary condition | Whenever A cannot occur without the occurence of B. |
| deductive argument | an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. |
| Inductive argument | an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true |
| argument based on mathematics | an argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement |
| argument from definition | an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion |
| categorical syllogism | a syllogism in which each statement begins with "all" "no" or "some." |
| hypothetical syllogism | a syllogism having a conditional "if... then..." statement for one or both of its premises |
| disjunctive syllogism | having an "either... or..." statement. |
| prediction | an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future |
| argument from analogy | an argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or, similarity, between two things or state of affairs |
| generalization | an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group. |
| argument from authority | an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is. |
| argument based on signs | an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes. |
| casual inference | an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or, conversely, from knowledge of an effect to claim about a cause. |
| particular statement | one that makes a claim about one more particular members of a class |
| general statement | makes a claim about all the members of a class |
| valid deductive argument | an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true |
| invalid deductive argument | a deductive argument in which it IS possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true |
| sound argument | a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises |
| unsound argument | a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both. |
| strong inductive argument | an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises |
| cogent argument | an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises |
| uncogent argument | an inductive argument that is weak, has one more more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement, or any combination of these. |
| argument form | the arrangement and inclusion of premises and conclusion within the argument |
| counterexample method | a substitution instance having true premises and false conclusion |
| cognitive meaning | terminology that conveys information |
| emotive meaning | terminology the expresses or evokes feeling |
| value claim | a claim that something is good, bad, right, wrong, worse, or better |
| vague expression | an expression that allows for borderline cases in which it is impossible to tell if the expression applies or does not apply. |
| ambiguous expression | an expression that can be interpreted as having more than one clearly distinct meaning in a given context |
| intensional meaning | consists of the qualities or attributes that a term connotates |
| term | any word or arrangement of words that may serve as the subject of a statement |
| extensional meaning | consists of the members of a class that the term denotes |
| connotation | the intentional meaning of a word |
| donatation | extensional meaning of a word |
| conventional connotation | the attributes that the term commonly calls forth in the mind of competent speakers of the language |
| empty extension | denotes the empty class that has no members |
| increasing intention | when each term except the first connotes more attributes than the one preceding it |
| decreasing intention | when each term except the first connotes less attributes than the one preceding it |
| increasing extension | when each term in the series except the firstr denotes a class having more members that the class denotes by the term preceding it. |
| decreasing extension | when each term in the series except the first denotes a class having less members that the class denotes by the term preceding it. |
| definition | a group of words that assigns a meaning to some word or group of words |
| definiendum | the word or group of words that is supposed to be defined |
| definiens | the word or group of word that does the defining |
| stipulative definition | assigns a meaning to a word for the first time |
| lexical definition | used to report the meaning that a word has in a language |
| precising definition | used to reduce vagueness of a word |
| theoretical definition | assigns a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes |
| persuasive definition | engenders a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward what is denotes by the definiendum |
| extensional definition | assigns a meaning to a term indicating the members of the class that the definiendum denotes |
| demonstrative definitions | the most primitive form of definition |
| enumerative definitions | assign a meaning to a term by naming the members of the class the term denotes |
| definition by subclass | assigns a meaning to a term by naming subclasses of the class denoted by the term |
| intentional definition | one that assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotates |
| synonymous definition | in which the definiens is a single word that connotes the same attributes as the definiendum |
| etymological definition | assigns a meaning to a word by disclosing the word's ancestry in both its own language and other languages |
| operational definition | assigns a meaning to a word by specifying cerain experimental procedure that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing |
| definition by genus and difference | assigns a meaning to a term by identifying a genus term and one or more difference words that, when combined, convey the meaning of the term being defined |
Created by:
AlyRuth
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