Terms
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| Acceleration | change in velocity of a body over time, expressed in linear (m/sec2) and angular (degrees/sec2) terms
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| Accessory movements | slight, passive, nonvolitional movements allowed in most joints (aka Joint Play)
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| Active force | push or pull generated by stimulated muscle
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| Active movement | motion caused by stimulated muscle
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| Agonist muscle | muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement.
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| Anatomic position | reference position used to describe body movement and location. Person is standing fully upright, looking forward, arms at rest by sides, forearms fully supinated, and fingers extended.
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| Angle-of-insertion | angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts.
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| Antagonist muscle | muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle.
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| Arthrokinematics | motions of a roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints.
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| Axial rotation | angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis; often use to describe a motion in the horizontal plane.
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| Axis of rotation | an imaginary line extending through a joint around which rotation occurs (aka Pivot Point or the Center of Rotation)
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| Bending | effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles to its long axis. A bent tissue is compressed on its concave side and placed under tension on its convex side. A bending moment is a quantitative measure of a bend. See pg 25 for more.
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| Center of mass | point at the exact center of an object's mass (aka Center of Gravity when considering weight of gravity)
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| Close-packed position | unique position of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut.
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| Compliance | the inverse of stiffness
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| Compression | a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly against another.
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| Concentric activation | activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force
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| Creep | a progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time.
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| Degrees of Freedom | # of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint. A joint can have up to 3 degrees of translation and rotation.
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| Displacement | change in the linear or angular position of an object
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| Distal-on-proximal segment kinematics | type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment (aka Open Kinematic Chain)
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| Distraction | a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another.
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| Eccentric activation | activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force.
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| Elasticity | property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force.
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| External force | push or pull produced by sources located outside the body. i.e., gravity and physical contact applied against the body.
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| External moment arm | perpendicular distance b/w an axis of rotation and the external force (EF = MF).
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| External Torque | product of an external force and its external moment arm (aka External Moment)
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| Force | a push or a pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion.
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| Force-couple | 2 or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction.
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| Force of gravity | potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity.
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| Friction | resistance to movement b/w 2 contacting surfaces
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| Internal Force (IF) | push or pull produced by a structure located within the body. i.e., active muscle.
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| Internal Moment Arm | perpendicular distance b/w the axis of rotation and the internal (muscle) force.
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| Internal torque | product of an internal force and its internal moment arm.
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| Isometric activation | activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force
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| Joint reaction force | force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of Internal and external forces. Includes contact forces b/w joint surfaces, as well as forced from any periarticular structure.
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| Kinematics | branch of mechanics that describes motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce motion.
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| Kinematic chain | series of articulated segmented links, such as the connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity.
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| Kinetics | branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces and torques on the body.
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| Leverage | relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force.
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| Line of force | direction and orientation of a muscle's force
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| Line of gravity | direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on the body
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| Load | general term that describes the application of a force to a body
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| Longitudinal axis | axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment
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| Loose-packed positions | positions of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent and the ligaments are slackened.
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| Mass | quantity of matter as an object
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| Mechanical advantage | ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm.
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| Moment arm | perpendicular distance b/w an axis of rotation and the line of force.
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| Muscle action | potential of a m. to produce T w/in a particular plane of motion and rotation direction (aka Joint active when referring specifically to a muscle's potential to rotate a joint). i.e., Flexion, extension, pronation, supination, etc.
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| Osteokinematics | motion of bones relative to the 3 cardinal, or principal, planes.
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| Passive Force | push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle, such as tension in stretched pariarticular connective tissue, physical contact, etc.
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| Passive movement | motion produced by a source other than an activated muscle.
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| Plasticity | property of a material that remains permanently deformed after the removal of a force.
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| Pressure | force divided by a SA. aka Stress
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| Productive antagonism | phenomenon in which relatively low-level tension w/in stretched connective tissues performs a useful function.
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| Proximal-on-distal segment kinematics | aka Closed Kinematic Chain. type of movement where proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment.
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| Roll | arthrokinematics term that describes when multiple points on one rotation articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface.
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| Rotation | angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation.
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| Scalar | quantity, such as speed or temp, that is completely specific by its magnitude and has no direction.
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| Segment | any part of a body or limb.
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| Shear | a force produced as 2 compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions (like the action of 2 blades on a pair of scissors)
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| Shock absorption | the act of dissipating a force
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| Slide | arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface (aka Glide).
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| Spin | Arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface (like a top).
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| Static Linear Equilibrium | state of a body at rest in which the sum of all forces is equal to zero.
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| Static Rotary Equilibrium | State of a body at rest in which the sum of all torques is equal to zero.
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| Stiffness | ratio of stress (force) to strain (elongation) within an elastic material, or N/m (aka Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity)
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| Strain | ratio of a tissue's deformed length to its original length. May also be expressed in units of distance (m)
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| Synergists | two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement.
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| Tension | application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separtes a material (aka distraction force). Used to denote that internal stress within a tissue as its rests being stretched.
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| Torque | a force multiplied by its moment arm; tends to rotate a body or segment around an axis of rotation.
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| Torsion | application of force that twists a material around its longitudinal axis.
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| Translation | linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other point in the body.
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| Vector | quantity, such as velocity or force, that is completely specified by its magnitude and direction.
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| Viscoelasticity | property of a material expressed by a changing stress-strain relationship over time
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| Weight | gravitational force acting on a mass.
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