Ch 1 Nature and Theories of Dvpt
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| Theories of Dvpt ch 1 | show 🗑
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| show | specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy
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| idea of theories | show 🗑
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| contrasting theories | show 🗑
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| show | -bx is primarily unconscious-beyond awareness
-bx heavily colored by emotion, feelings
-bx surface characteristiv w/symbolic meaning
-early experiences w/parents extensively shape bx
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| show | -Id
-Ego
-Superego
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| Id | show 🗑
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| show | -emerges out of babies early experiences: manage demands in diff way like chngng feeding sched from 2am to 9pm
-deals w/demands of reality
-called "executive branch" of personality:uses reasoning to make decisions
-has no morality
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| superego | show 🗑
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| show | pattern of chng that begins at conception and continues - life cycle
-systematic changes and continuities which occur b/w conception and death
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| show | physical, cognitive, psychosocial
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| physical dvpt | show 🗑
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| cognitive dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | 1. chng in personal and interpersonal phenomena such as
a)motives and emotions
b)personality traits
c)interpersonal skills and relationships
d)roles played within family and lrgr society
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| show | biological, cognitive, socioemotional processes
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| life span dvpt focuses on | show 🗑
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| historical perspective | show 🗑
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| traditional vs lifespan approach | show 🗑
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| characteristics of lifespan perspective | show 🗑
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| multidimensional dvpt | show 🗑
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| multidirectional dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | degree in which characteristice chng or remain stable
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| show | psgchologist, sociologist, anthropologists, neuroscientists, medical researchers
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| contextual dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | -biological inheritance
-environmental experiences
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| show | extent dvpt involves gradual, cumulative (continuity) chng or distinct stages (discontinuity)
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| show | degree we become older renditions of our early experience or we cvp into someone diff from who we were at an early pnt in dvpt
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| psychosexual dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | -mouth b/c food comes her
-conflict-weaning child
-chewing, sucking, biting
birth-1.5
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| show | anus
-problem-potty training
-1.5-3
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| show | genitals, self manipulation
-realization they have something there
-should distract them
-oetipus complex-boy likes mom
-electra-girl likes daddy
-3-6
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| latency stage | show 🗑
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| show | -sexual reawakening: sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of family
-puberty on
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| show | fixation-when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under- or over-gratified.
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| Erik Erikson 1902-94 | show 🗑
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| show | -primary motivation for human bx is social and reflects desire to affiliate w/other people
Eight stages
Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced
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| show | Crises are not catastrophes but rather turning points of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.'
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| show | A sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and a minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future.
Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place.
'
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| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Second Year) | show 🗑
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| Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Years)' | show 🗑
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| show | -middle and late children directenergy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
-danger during this time is dvpt of sense of inferiority-feeling incompetent and unproductive
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| show | -adolescence
-indiv faced w/finding out who they r, what they're all about, & where going in life
-confronted w/many new roles & adult statuses
-if adolescent explores roles in healthy manner & arrives at positive path in life, + identity will b achiev
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| in identity vs identity if parent pushes identity on adolescent what happens | show 🗑
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| intimacy vs isolation | show 🗑
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| intimacy | show 🗑
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| show | thru formation of healthy friendships and in intimate relationship w/another individual
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| show | by not finding intimacy among others
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| show | -middle adulthood
-chief concern is to assist the younger generation in devpg and leading useful lives (generativity)
-feeling of having done nothing to help next generation is stagnation
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| show | -late adulthood
-reflecting on past and either piercing together a + review or concluding that life hasn't been well spent
-thru reflecting on a past deemed worthwhile
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| show | -if oldr adlt resolved mny of earlier stages negatively, looking back will lead to doubt or gloom
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| contributions of psychoanalytic theories | show 🗑
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| show | -difficult to test
-much of data used to support theses theories come from indiv reconstr of past, often distant past, and unknkown accuracy
-sexual underpinning of dvpt are given too much importance (esp freud)
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| other criticisms of psychoanalytic theories | show 🗑
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| show | -piaget's cognitive dvpt theory
-vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theiry
-info processing approach
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| Jean Piaget | show 🗑
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| show | -children actively construct their understanding of the world
-children progress thru 4 stages of cognitive dvpt
-2 processes underlie dvpt:assimilation and accommodation
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| assimilation | show 🗑
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| show | adjusting one's existing knowledge to new info
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| Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive dvpt | show 🗑
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| sensorimotor stage | show 🗑
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| show | -children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
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| show | -internalized mental actions taht allow children to do mentally what they previously did physically
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| concrete operational stage | show 🗑
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| formal operational stage | show 🗑
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| Lev Vygotsky sociocultural cognitive theory | show 🗑
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| Vygotsky's 3 basic claims about children's dvpt | show 🗑
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| info processing approach | show 🗑
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| show | k
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| show | -present + view of dvpt, emphasizing indiv's conscious thiking
-emphasize indiv's active constr of understancing
-Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories underscore the import of examining dvptl chngs n childrens thinking
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| show | -info processing approach offers detailed description of cogn processesers
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| show | -skepticism about pureness of Piaget's stages
lack adequate atten to indiv variations
-info processing lacks adequate description of dvt'l chngs in cogn
-psychoanalytic theoriests argue that cogn theories dont giv enuf credit to unconscious thot
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| bx and socl cogn theories | show 🗑
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| show | l
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| show | early 1900s russian physiologist ivan pavlov discovered phenomenon in which neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce bxl response originally produced by another stimulus
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| operant conditioning | show 🗑
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| Albert Bandura | show 🗑
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| show | -Albert Bandura and walter mischel believe taht cogn processes are import mediators of envir bx connections
-learning occurs thru observing what others do, as indiv cogn represent what they see and adopt the bx themselves
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| show | -emphasize import of scientific research
-focus on envir determinants of bx
-underscore impor of observational learning (bandura)
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| show | -too little emphasis on cogn (pavlov, skinner)
-too much emphaiss on envir determinants
-lack atten to dvpl chngs
-too mechanical, lack consideration to spontaneity and craetivity of humans
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| show | -bx is strongly infl by biology, tied to evolution, characterized by critical prds
-european zoologis konrad lorenz (1903-89) identified imprinting
-hohn bowlby theorizes about attachment
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| imprinting | show 🗑
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| critical prd | show 🗑
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| attachment | show 🗑
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| contributions of ethological theory | show 🗑
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| criticisms of thological theory | show 🗑
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| show | -dvpd by Urie Bronfenbrenner
-5 envir systems:
1. microsystem
2. mesosystem
3. exosystem
4. macrosystem
5. chronosystem
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| show | -provides systematic examination of macro and micro dimensions of envir systems
-gives atten to connectoins b/w encir settings
-gives consideration to sociohistorical infl on dvpt
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| criticisms of ecological theory | show 🗑
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| show | -doesnt follow any one theoretical approach
-selects and uses best from each theory
-acknowledges that no one theory is complete and that each has made important contributions to understanding dvpt
-orientation is presented and maintained thru the text
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| genetic foundations | show 🗑
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| DNA | show 🗑
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| genes | show 🗑
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| show | threadlike structures comprised of thousands of genes, taht come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair coming from each parent
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| show | process of cell division by which each chromosome in the cells nucleus duplicates itself
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| meiosis | show 🗑
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| show | mitosis-1 cell grwth and repair, # of chromosomes present remains same (copy themselves), 2 daughter colonies
meiosis-sex reprod, chromo are halved, 4 daughter cells produced
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| show | -begins when fm gamete (ovum) is fertilized by male gamete (sperm)
-produces zygot
-in zygote, 2 sets of unprd chromo combine to form one set of paired chromosomes
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| show | single cell formed thru fertilization
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| show | -dominant recesssive genes principle
-sex linked genes
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| show | -if one gene of pr is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential infl of other,recessive gene
-recessive gene exerts its infl only if 2 genes of pr are both recessive
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| sex linked genes | show 🗑
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| genotypes | show 🗑
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| show | way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable
-for each genotype, range of phenotypes can be expressedcharacteristics
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| physical traits of phenotype | show 🗑
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| show | intelligence, creativity, personality
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| show | chromo-down syndrome, klinefelter, fragile X, Turner, XYY syndrome
Gene linked abn-gene linked abn: phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia
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| show | -presence of extra chromosome
-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelides, protrudingtongue, short limbs, retardation of motor and mental abilities
-women yngr than 18 and older than 38 are more likely to have down syndrom baabies
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| show | -sex linked chromo abn
-males have extra X chromo making them XXY instead of XY
-undvpd testes, enlrgd breasts, become quite tall
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| turner syndrome and char | show 🗑
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| show | -sex chr lnkd abn
-male has extra Y chr
-early belief surrounding the syndrome was tat the extra Y chr contributed to male aggression and violence
-researchers have since found taht CYY males are no more likely to commit crimes than are XY males
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| show | -sex liked chromosome abn
-X chromosome bcomes constricted and often breakes
-mental defiecience (varied in form from mental retardation to short attention span)
-occurs more frequently in males
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| Phenylketonuria | show 🗑
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| sickle cell anemia | show 🗑
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| other genetic abnormalities | show 🗑
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| show | prenatal diagnostic tests, infertility, adoption
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| show | -amniocentesis
-ultrasound sonography
-chorionic villi sampling
-maternal blood test
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| show | -prenatal medical procedure in which sampl of amniotic fluid is withdran by syringe and tested to discover if fetus is suffering metabolic disorders
-perfomed b/w 12th and 16th weeks of preg
-exists smll risk of miscarriage (1 in 200-300)
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| show | -prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into pregnat woman's abdomen
-echo from sounds is transformed into visual representation of fetus's inner structures
-able to detect such disorders microencephaly
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| show | -prenatal medical procedure in which small sample of placenta is removed
-performed b/w 8th and 11th wks of preg
-provides info about presence of birth defects
-has slightly higher risk of miscarriage than amniocentesis
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| show | -called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
-prenatal diagnostic technique used to asses blood alphaprotein lvl, which is assoc w/neural tube defects
-administered b/w 14th and 20th wks of preg
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