Ch 1 Nature and Theories of Dvpt
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| show | psychoanalytic, cognitive, bx, ethological, ecological, eclectic
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| show | specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy
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| show | -some theories view human beings as passive, reactive, and ultimately responsive to the impact of environmental stimulation
-such theories place great emphasis upon reward and punishment as factors in shaping devpt
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| show | -human is inherently active
-instead of being shaped by envir, indiv is resp for shaping or constructing envir
-theories differ in degree to which they see dvpt or series of discontinuous and descrete series of changes
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| psychoanalytic theories | show 🗑
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| Freud's 3 structures of personality | show 🗑
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| Id | show 🗑
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| Ego | show 🗑
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| show | -begin to dvlp someones values, like children
-moral branch of personality
-takes into accout right and wrong
-out conscience
-set of moral values
-takes into account whether something is right or wrong
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| development | show 🗑
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| 3 realms of dvpt | show 🗑
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| physical dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | 1. chngs in mental processes in
a)perception
b)language use
c)learning
d)thot
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| show | 1. chng in personal and interpersonal phenomena such as
a)motives and emotions
b)personality traits
c)interpersonal skills and relationships
d)roles played within family and lrgr society
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| show | biological, cognitive, socioemotional processes
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| life span dvpt focuses on | show 🗑
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| show | original sin-children were born into world bad
Tabula Rasa-children like "blank table" and acquire characteristics - experience
innate goodness-children inherently good
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| traditional vs lifespan approach | show 🗑
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| show | dvpt is:
lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, contextual, involves growth, maintenance, and regulation
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| multidimensional dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | -incr/decr in growth
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| plastic dvpt | show 🗑
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| show | psgchologist, sociologist, anthropologists, neuroscientists, medical researchers
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| show | normative age and history graded influences and life events
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| show | -biological inheritance
-environmental experiences
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| continuity and discontinuity | show 🗑
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| show | degree we become older renditions of our early experience or we cvp into someone diff from who we were at an early pnt in dvpt
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| psychosexual dvpt | show 🗑
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| oral stage | show 🗑
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| anal stage | show 🗑
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| show | genitals, self manipulation
-realization they have something there
-should distract them
-oetipus complex-boy likes mom
-electra-girl likes daddy
-3-6
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| latency stage | show 🗑
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| genital stage | show 🗑
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| show | fixation-when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under- or over-gratified.
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| show | -realized Freud's contribution but dvpd psychosocial theory
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| show | -primary motivation for human bx is social and reflects desire to affiliate w/other people
Eight stages
Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced
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| show | Crises are not catastrophes but rather turning points of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.'
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| show | A sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and a minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future.
Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place.
'
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| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Second Year) | show 🗑
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| show | As preschoolers, encounter widening socl wrld,challenged more than when were infants,& active, purposeful bx is needed to cope w/challenges.
asked to assume resp4 bodies, bx, toys,& pets.
Guilt may arise if child is irresponsible nd made to feel anxiou
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| show | -middle and late children directenergy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
-danger during this time is dvpt of sense of inferiority-feeling incompetent and unproductive
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| -what does erikson believes about industry vs inferiority | show 🗑
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| identity vs identity | show 🗑
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| show | don't beocme adequately able to explore many roles and confusion reigns
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| show | -early adulthood
-face dvpt task of forming intimate relationships w/others
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| intimacy | show 🗑
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| show | thru formation of healthy friendships and in intimate relationship w/another individual
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| show | by not finding intimacy among others
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| show | -middle adulthood
-chief concern is to assist the younger generation in devpg and leading useful lives (generativity)
-feeling of having done nothing to help next generation is stagnation
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| integrity vs despair involves what and how is this achieved | show 🗑
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| show | -if oldr adlt resolved mny of earlier stages negatively, looking back will lead to doubt or gloom
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| contributions of psychoanalytic theories | show 🗑
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| show | -difficult to test
-much of data used to support theses theories come from indiv reconstr of past, often distant past, and unknkown accuracy
-sexual underpinning of dvpt are given too much importance (esp freud)
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| show | -unconscious mind is given too much credit for influencing dvpt
-psychoanalytic theories present image of humans that is too negative
-theories are culture and gender biased
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| show | -piaget's cognitive dvpt theory
-vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theiry
-info processing approach
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| Jean Piaget | show 🗑
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| show | -children actively construct their understanding of the world
-children progress thru 4 stages of cognitive dvpt
-2 processes underlie dvpt:assimilation and accommodation
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| show | -incorporating new info into their existing knowledge
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| accommodation | show 🗑
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| show | k
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| show | -infants construct an understanding of world by coordinating sensory experiences w/physical, motor actions
-at beginning, newborns are limited to reflexive patterns
-by end, 2 yr olds are beginning to operate w/primitive symbols
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| show | -children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
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| operations | show 🗑
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| concrete operational stage | show 🗑
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| show | -individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstact, more logical terms
-problem solving is more systematic and involves hypotheses
-adolescents dvp images of ideal circumstances
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| Lev Vygotsky sociocultural cognitive theory | show 🗑
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| show | -their cognitive skills can be understood only when they are dvpty analyzed and interpreted
-cogn skills are mediated by words, lang, and forms of discourse
-cogn skills have their origins in socl relats and are embedded in sociocultural backdrop
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| show | -emphasizes taht indivs manipulate, monito, and strategize about info
-central are the processes of memory and thinking
-indivs dvp gradually incrg capacity for processinginfo
-this enables acquisition of increasingly complex knowledge and skills
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| info processing theory picture | show 🗑
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| show | -present + view of dvpt, emphasizing indiv's conscious thiking
-emphasize indiv's active constr of understancing
-Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories underscore the import of examining dvptl chngs n childrens thinking
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| show | -info processing approach offers detailed description of cogn processesers
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| show | -skepticism about pureness of Piaget's stages
lack adequate atten to indiv variations
-info processing lacks adequate description of dvt'l chngs in cogn
-psychoanalytic theoriests argue that cogn theories dont giv enuf credit to unconscious thot
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| bx and socl cogn theories | show 🗑
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| show | l
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| classical condintioning | show 🗑
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| show | -bf skinner deomonstrated that consequences of bx produce chngs in probability of bx occurring again
-consequences can be either rewards (incr the likelihood of bx recurrence) or punishment (decr this chance)
-e.g.
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| show | -social cogn theory
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| socl cognitive theory | show 🗑
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| contributions of bx and socl cogn thwories | show 🗑
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| show | -too little emphasis on cogn (pavlov, skinner)
-too much emphaiss on envir determinants
-lack atten to dvpl chngs
-too mechanical, lack consideration to spontaneity and craetivity of humans
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| ethological theory | show 🗑
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| show | rapid, innate learning within limited critical prd of time that involves attachment to first moving object seen
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| critical prd | show 🗑
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| show | -based on principles of othological theory
-attach to caregiver over 1st yr of life has import consequences:
--+ and secure attachment results in + dvpt
---and insecure attachment results in problematic dvpt
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| show | -incr focus on biol and evolutionary basis of dvpt
-uses careful observations in naturalistic settings
-emphasizes critical prds of dvpt
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| show | -critical and sensitive perds may be too rigid
-places too strong an emphasis on biol foundsations
-gives inadequate atten to cogn
-has been better at generating research w/animals than w/humans
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| ecological theory | show 🗑
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| show | -provides systematic examination of macro and micro dimensions of envir systems
-gives atten to connectoins b/w encir settings
-gives consideration to sociohistorical infl on dvpt
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| show | -even w/ added discussion of biol infl in recent yrs, there is still too little atten to biol foundations of dvpt
-gives inadequate atten to cogn processes
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| eclectic theorectical orientation | show 🗑
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| ch 2 | show 🗑
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| show | -each of us carries a genetic code that we inherited from our parents
-this code is located within every cell in our bodies
-code is mechanism for transmitting characteristics from one generation to next
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| show | DNA, genes, chromosomes
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| DNA | show 🗑
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| show | units of hereditary info-short segments composed of DNA-that act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins taht maintain life
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| chromosomes | show 🗑
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| mitosis | show 🗑
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| meiosis | show 🗑
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| difference b/w mitosis an meiosis | show 🗑
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| process of human reprod | show 🗑
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| show | single cell formed thru fertilization
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| show | -dominant recesssive genes principle
-sex linked genes
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| show | -if one gene of pr is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential infl of other,recessive gene
-recessive gene exerts its infl only if 2 genes of pr are both recessive
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| sex linked genes | show 🗑
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| show | individual's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material
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| phenotype | show 🗑
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| physical traits of phenotype | show 🗑
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| show | intelligence, creativity, personality
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| show | chromo-down syndrome, klinefelter, fragile X, Turner, XYY syndrome
Gene linked abn-gene linked abn: phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia
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| show | -presence of extra chromosome
-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelides, protrudingtongue, short limbs, retardation of motor and mental abilities
-women yngr than 18 and older than 38 are more likely to have down syndrom baabies
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| klinefelter syndrome and characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | -sex lnkd chrom abn
-fm are missing an X chr making them XO instead of XX
-shortness of stature, webbed neck, possible mental retardation, possible sexual underdvpt
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| XYY syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | -sex liked chromosome abn
-X chromosome bcomes constricted and often breakes
-mental defiecience (varied in form from mental retardation to short attention span)
-occurs more frequently in males
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| Phenylketonuria | show 🗑
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| sickle cell anemia | show 🗑
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| show | -cystic fibrosis
-diabetes
-hemophilia
-huntington disease
-Phenylketonuria PKU
-sickle cell anemia
-spina bifida
-tay-sachs disease
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| show | prenatal diagnostic tests, infertility, adoption
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| prenatal diagnostic tests | show 🗑
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| show | -prenatal medical procedure in which sampl of amniotic fluid is withdran by syringe and tested to discover if fetus is suffering metabolic disorders
-perfomed b/w 12th and 16th weeks of preg
-exists smll risk of miscarriage (1 in 200-300)
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| ultrasound sonography | show 🗑
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| show | -prenatal medical procedure in which small sample of placenta is removed
-performed b/w 8th and 11th wks of preg
-provides info about presence of birth defects
-has slightly higher risk of miscarriage than amniocentesis
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| show | -called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
-prenatal diagnostic technique used to asses blood alphaprotein lvl, which is assoc w/neural tube defects
-administered b/w 14th and 20th wks of preg
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