THINKING. Vocab, Concepts
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| mental representation | contents in the mind that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs
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| analogical representation | idea that shares some of the actual characteristics of the object it represents
e.g. left side of image shows left side of object, and vice versa
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| mental images | mental representations that resemble the objects they represent by directly reflecting the perceptual qualities of the thing represented
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| symbolic representation | mental representation that stands for some content without sharing any characteristics of the thing it represents
e.g. word cat does not represent actual characteristics of a cat
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| proposition | statement relating a subject and a claim about that subject
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| mode | in network-based models of mental representation, a "meeting place" for the various connections associated with a particular topic
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| associative links | in network-based models of mental representation, connections between the symbols (or nodes) in the network
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| spreading activation | process through which activity in one node in a network flows outward to other nodes through associative links
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| direct thinking | thinking aimed at a particular goal
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| judgment | process of extrapolating from evidence to draw conclusions
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| heuristics | strategy, for making judgments quickly, at the price of occasional mistakes
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| availability heuristic | strategy, for judging how frequently something happens (or how common it is) based on how easily examples of it come to mind
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| representativeness heuristic | strategy for judging whether an individual, object, or event belongs in a certain category based on how typical of the category it seems to be
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| dual-process theory | proposal that judgment involves two types of thinking:
1) fast, efficient, but sometimes faulty set of strategies
2) slower, more laborious, but less risky set
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| System 1 (of the dual-process theory) | fast, efficient, but sometimes faulty type of thinking
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| System 2 (of the dual-process theory) | the slower, more effortful, and more accurate type of reasoning
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| reasoning | process of figuring out the implications of particular beliefs
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| confirmation bias | tendency to take evidence that's consistent with your beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with them
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| syllogism | logic problem containing two premises and a conclusion; the syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises
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| framing | the way a decision is phrased or the way options are described. Seemingly peripheral aspects of the framing can influence decisions by changing the point of reference
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| loss aversion | strong tendency to regard losses as considerably more important that gains of comparable magnitude - and, with this, a tendency to take steps (including risky steps) to avoid possible loss
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| affective forecasting | predicting one's own emotional response to upcoming events
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| satisfice | in decision making, seeking a satisfactory option rather than spending more time and effort to locate and select the ideal option
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| means-end analysis | problem-solving strategy, in which you continually evaluate the difference between your current state and your goal, and consider how to use your resources to reduce the difference
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| subroutines | in problem solving, specific procedures for solving familiar, well-defined problems
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| automaticity | ability to do a task without paying attention to it
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| Stroop effect | steps in ordinary reading are automatic
e.g. demonstrated by two lists with colors
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| mental set | the perspective that a person takes and the assumptions he makes in approaching a problem
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| restructuring | reorganization of a problem that can facilitate its solution, a characteristic of creative thought
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