Quarter IV New Material
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| a brown waxlike substance composed of fatty acids and calcium soaps, formed in tissues that have been buried in a moist place | adipocere
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| conversion of fat into soap or a waxy substance | saponification
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| macromolecules of the body, building blocks for cellular material and tissues for all living things | proteins
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| building blocks of proteins | amino acids
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| proteins are what state at body temperature (solid, liquid, or gas?) | liquid
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| def: absorbs moisture readily | hygroscopic
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| def: the act of a tissue absorbing moisture from surrounding tissues to maintain its liquid state | imbibition
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| what body macromolecule is naturally hygroscopic? | proteins
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| body macromolecule considered to be the body's natural humectant | proteins
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| def: consisting of both acid and base parts | amphoteric
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| which body macromolecule is considered amphoteric? | proteins
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| the self-digestion that occurs in tissues or cells by enzymes in the cells themselves | autolysis
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| after death, the pH of the body goes from ____ to _____ | alkaline to acidic
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| the process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard decomposition, and restore an acceptable physical appearance | embalming
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| four major types of preservatives used in embalming fluids | aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, formaldehyde donor compounds
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| the five common actions of preservatives | 1) inactivate the chemical groups of proteins or amino acids, 2) inactivate enzymes, 3) inhibit further decomp, 4) kill microorganisms, 5) destroy/mask odors
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| the most widely used preservative chemical found in embalming fluids | formaldehyde
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| the main chemical action of formaldehyde in embalming is the _____ of protein | coagulation
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| coagulation of proteins is accomplished by a cross-linking of the _____ bonds between _____ proteins | peptide bonds of adjacent proteins
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| the cross-linking action of the peptide bonds in accomplished by a ______ bridge | methylene bridge
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| formaldehyde is destroyed in strong ______ | bases
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| the neutralization product of formaldehyde and ammonia (two names) | urotropin, hexamine
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| an aqueous solution of formaldehyde | formalin
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| formalin is _____ % formaldehyde by weight and _____ % by volume | 37% by weight, 40% by volume
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| that amount of formaldehyde necessary to overcome any nitrogen residue and cause the body proteins to become coagulated/the total amount of formaldehyde with which protein will combine to be completely preserved | formaldehyde demand
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| three general examples of modifying agents | buffers, humectants, inorganic salts
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| four other names for anticoagulants | water conditioners, water softeners, sequestering agents, chelating agents
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| four other names for surfactants | wetting agents, surface tension reducers, penetrating agents, surface active agents
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| another name for dyes | coloring agents
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| three other names for perfuming agents | masking agents, reodorants, deodorants
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| two other names for vehicles | solvents, carriers
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| germicide used for the disinfection of skin, oral and nasal cavities, and instruments, also widely used in cavity fluids | quaternary ammonium compounds
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| disadvantage to this germicide is that it is easily neutralized by soaps and anionic substances found in arterial fluids | quaternary ammonium compounds
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| three names for a common germicidal QUAT | benzalkonium chloride, zephiran, roccal
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| best germicide of the aldehydes, cold chemical sterilant | glutaraldehyde
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| these agents control the rate of action of the main preservative chemicals of embalming formulations | modifying agents
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| agents that help control tissue moisture, have a coating action | humectants
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| glycol is an example of a | humectant
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| glycerol is an example of a | humectant
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| sorbitol in an example of a | humectant
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| water-soluble lanolin compounds are examples of | humectants
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| cosmetic oils are examples of | humectants
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| agents that serve to control the acid-base balance of fluid and tissues | buffers
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| borax and borates are examples of | buffers
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| disodium phosphate is an example of | buffer
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| sodium bicarbonate is an example of | buffer
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| salts of EDTA are examples of | buffers
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| agents that help control the osmotic qualities of the embalming solution, help to draw fluid from the capillaries into the tissue spaces during embalming | inorganic salts
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| agents used to maintain blood in a liquid state and thereby make it easy to remove from the circulatory system | anticoagulants
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| EDTA is an example of | anticoagulant
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| citrates are examples of | anticoagulants
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| oxalates are examples of | anticoagulants
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| magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate are examples of | anticoagulants
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| sodium chloride is an example of | anticoagulant
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| sodium phosphates are examples of | anticoagulants
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| agents that reduce surface tension of a liquid, increase diffusion of arterial solution into tissues, increase penetration of arterial solution into tissues | surfactants
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| sodium lauryl sulfate is an example of | surfactant
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| soaps are examples of | surfactants
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| salts of thioalcohols are examples of | surfactants
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| agents employed for the purpose of producing an internal cosmetic effect that closely simulates the natural coloring of tissues | dyes
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| yellowish orange dye that stains the tissue | eosin
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| cherry red dye that stains the tissue | erythrosine
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| non-staining dye (inactive dye) that colors fluid rather than tissues | ponceau red
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| yellow dye that stains the tissue | icterin
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| agents which cover up the harsh odors of the preservatives and disinfectants found in embalming fluids and impart a pleasant odor to a solution | perfuming agents
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| benzaldehyde is an example of | perfuming agent
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| oil of wintergreen is an example of | perfuming agent
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| oil of wintergreen is also called | methyl salicylate
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| oil of cloves is an example of | perfuming agent
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| oil of sassafras is an example of | perfuming agent
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| cinnamaldehyde is an example of | perfuming agent
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| fruits are examples of | perfuming agents
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| mints are examples of | perfuming agents
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| floral compounds are examples of | perfuming agents
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| the agent which carries the embalming agent to the tissues and improves distribution and diffusion | vehicle
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| the main vehicle for arterial fluids | water
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| contain a higher concentration of disinfectants and preservatives, cav or arterial? | cavity
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| generally do not contain dyes, reodorants, humectants, or buffers, cav or arterial? | cavity
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| pH of a cavity fluid | 4.5 to 5.2
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| agents which prepare the vascular system for the injection of preservatives and disinfectants | preinjection fluids
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| these contain water-conditioning agents, surfactants, humectants, ad low concentration of preservatives | preinjection fluids
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| agents mixed with arterial fluids so they are injected concurrently | coinjection fluid
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| two main components of restorative fluid | humectants and dyes
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| three fluids used to embalm jaundice cases | 1) masking fluids, 2) bleaching agents, 3) nonformaldehyde fluids
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| fluid with medium concentration of formaldehyde and cosmetic dyes (used for jaundice cases) | masking fluids
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| fluid with medium concentration of formaldehyde and bleaching effect on bilirubin | bleaching agents
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| for advanced decomp, use a ____ index fluid and introduce ____ to increase the solubility of formaldehyde | high index fluid, introduce ethanol
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| never use a preinjection in a ____ case | edema
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| three purposes of autopsy hardening compounds | dehydration, preservation, disinfection
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| paraformaldehyde is an example of | autopsy chemical
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| aluminum chloride is an example of | autopsy chemical
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| alum (aluminum sulfate) is an example of | autopsy chemical
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| perlite and cellulose are examples of | autopsy chemicals
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| plaster of paris is an example of | autopsy chemical
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| four factors influencing the shelf-life of formaldehyde | 1) temperature, 2) time, 3) pH, 4) light
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| increases temperature may convert HCHO into | formic acid
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| decreased temperature may _____ HCHO | polymerize
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| what is the average shelf-life of HCHO fluids | 2-5 years
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| these type of pH solutions promote decomposition of formaldehyde | alkaline (basic)
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| these type of pH solutions promote polymerization of formaldehyde | acidic
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| the final post mortem change | decomposition
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| a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water | hydrolysis
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| decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes and anaerobic bacteria | putrefaction
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| four poisonous amines which are products of putrefaction | cadaverine, putrescine, indole, skatole
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| the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by enzymes of aerobic bacteria | decay
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| bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates | fermentation
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| decomposition of fats | lipolysis
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| decomposition of sugars | saccharolysis
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| that amount of the poison which will cause death to the organism to which it is administered | lethal dose
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| a lethal dose that kills 50% of the organisms that receive the dose | LD50
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| the minimal amount of poison that will kill all the organisms that receive the dose | MLD
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| the level of HCHO gas present in air averaged over an 8 hour time period | TWA
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| permissible exposure limit for HCHO (acronym and level) over an 8 hour TWA | PEL, .75ppm
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| short term exposure limit HCHO exposure over 15 minutes (acronym and level) | STEL, 2ppm
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| action level for HCHO as a TWA | .5ppm
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